. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Youth Adolesc. 2013 Dec 11;43(9):1513–1526. doi: 10.1007/s10964-013-0068-5

Table 3. Direct and indirect effects of exposure to community violence on sexual debut and sexual risk behaviors among males.

Dependent variable (DV)	Mediating variable (M)	Independent variable (IV)	Effect of IV on M^a B(SE)	Effect of M on DV^b B (SE)	Indirect effect point estimate (95 % CI)
Sexual debut	Psychological symptoms	Community violence
	PTSD		0.18 (0.06)^**	−0.10 (0.04)^*	−0.07 (−0.17, −0.01)^*
	Internalizing behaviors (anxiety/withdrawal/depression)		0.12 (0.05)^*	−0.08 (0.06)	−0.04 (−0.14, 0.01)
	Externalizing behaviors (aggression)		0.21 (0.04)^**	0.13 (0.07)^*	0.11 (0.02, 0.24)^*
	School engagement
	Student–teacher connectedness		−0.09 (0.06)	−0.04 (0.04)	0.01 (−0.01, 0.07)
	Core GPA		−0.002 (0.01)	−0.67 (0.23)^**	0.01 (−0.04, 0.06)
	Negative peer influences
	Negative perceptions of peer attitudes toward safer sex		0.19 (0.05)^**	0.03 (0.04)	0.02 (−0.04, 0.10)
	Gang involvement		0.02 (0.02)	0.87 (0.59)	0.02 (−0.01, 0.09)
	Total				0.06 (−0.08, 0.21)
Risky sex	Psychological symptoms	Community violence
	PTSD		0.21 (0.07)^**	−0.05 (0.03)	−0.04 (−0.14, 0.01)
	Internalizing behaviors (anxiety/withdrawal/depression)		0.14 (0.05)^**	−0.06 (0.05)	−0.03 (−0.13, 0.01)
	Externalizing behaviors (aggression)		0.22 (0.04)^**	0.12 (0.06)^*	0.10 (0.02, 0.24)^*
	School engagement
	Student–teacher connectedness		−0.09 (0.06)	−0.06 (0.03)^†	0.02 (−0.004, 0.09)
	Core GPA		−0.003 (0.01)	−0.31 (0.20)	0.003 (−0.02, 0.05)
	Negative peer influences
	Negative perceptions of peer attitudes toward safer sex		0.17 (0.05)^**	0.09 (0.04)^*	0.07 (0.02, 0.15)^*
	Gang involvement		0.02 (0.02)	0.46 (0.43)	0.01 (−0.01, 0.08)
	Total				0.13 (0.01, 0.27)^*

^†

p < 0.10;

p < 0.05;

^**

p < 0.01

Effect of independent variable on mediator, controlling for age

Effect of mediator on sexual risk variables, controlling for age