Table 1.
Demographics and drug use of all study subjects as a function of diagnosis and number of monoaminergic risk variants (5-HTTLPR S-allele and/or MAOA-L).
| Cocaine | Control | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Statistic X2, F, or H | 0 Risk N=14 | 1 Risk N=25 | 2 Risk N=21 | 0 Risk N=13 | 1 Risk N=23 | 2 Risk N=14 |
| Gender (Male/Female) | 3.5 | 12/2 | 24/1 | 17/4 | 12/1 | 22/2 | 13/1 |
| Self-Reported Race (African-American/Other) | 10.6 | 11/3 | 17/8 | 14/7 | 10/3 | 10/14 | 12/2 |
| History of Cigarette Smoking (Current or Past/Never) | 27.7*** | 12/2d,e,f | 18/7d,e,f | 14/7d,e,f | 2/11a,b,c | 8/16a,b,c | 3/11a,b,c |
| Cigarettes Per Day (Among Current Smokers: N=57) | 0.5 | 9.6 ± 5.9 | 6.7 ± 6.1 | 8.5 ± 4.6 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 7.6 ± 6.8 | 5.0 ± 7.1 |
| Education (Years) | 1.1 | 12.6 ± 1.2 | 12.5 ± 1.3 | 13.4 ± 2.9 | 13.1 ± 1.9 | 13.7 ± 1.8 | 12.3 ± 3.8 |
| Age (Years) | 2.2 | 43.5 ± 8.9 | 44.9 ± 4.8 | 45.0 ± 7.1 | 42.4 ± 4.9 | 39.8 ± 7.6 | 40.4 ± 7.0 |
| Socioeconomic Status (Hollingshead Index) | 0.4 | 31.0 ± 11.4 | 33.9 ± 8.9 | 31.8 ± 9.7 | 30.9 ± 14.5 | 33.1 ± 10.7 | 35.6 ± 12.4 |
| Non-Verbal IQ (Matrix Reasoning) | 0.7 | 9.3 ± 3.7 | 9.6 ± 3.1 | 10.6 ± 3.1 | 9.1 ± 3.3 | 10.4 ± 3.3 | 9.6 ± 2.5 |
| Verbal IQ (Wide Range Achievement Test, Scaled Score) | 2.1 | 89.5 ± 14.0 | 92.7 ± 13.4 | 94.6 ± 11.0 | 97.7 ± 10.5 | 101.8 ± 11.0 | 92.7 ± 17.2 |
| Depression (BDI) | 36.6*** | 6.0 ± 4.2d,e,f | 9.4 ± 8.5d,e,f | 11.2 ± 10.1d,e,f | 2.9 ± 5.2a,b,c | 1.5 ± 2.1a,b,c | 1.4 ± 2.8a,b,c |
| Comorbidity History (No/Yes) †‡ | 0.3 | 6/8 | 9/16 | 9/12 | -- | -- | -- |
| Cocaine Urine Status (No/Yes) | 2.9 | 7/7 | 13/12 | 6/15 | -- | -- | -- |
| Cocaine Use: Age of Onset (Years) | 0.7 | 23.9 ± 6.0 | 26.4 ± 8.2 | 26.8 ± 8.3 | -- | -- | -- |
| Cocaine Use Duration (Years) | 0.3 | 16.2 ± 5.5 | 15.4 ± 7.5 | 14.6 ± 6.7 | -- | -- | -- |
| Current Use: Days Per Week Last 30 Days | 1.5 | 4.1 ± 2.8 | 3.0 ± 2.4 | 3.3 ± 2.8 | -- | -- | -- |
| Current $ Spent per Use; Last 30 Days (Min – Max, Median) | 3.4 | 0 – 300, 85 | 0-600, 40 | 0-200, 50 | -- | -- | -- |
| Duration of Current Abstinence (Min – Max, Median) | 0.1 | 0-62, 3 | 0-120, 4 | 0-330, 2 | -- | -- | -- |
| Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment: Withdrawal Symptoms (Total Score) | 0.4 | 20.2 ± 11.9 | 17.3 ± 10.5 | 15.8 ± 12.5 | -- | -- | -- |
| Severity of Dependence Scale (Total Score) | 1.1 | 7.1 ± 3.3 | 8.4 ± 3.3 | 6.8 ± 4.7 | -- | -- | -- |
| Cocaine Craving Questionnaire (Total Score) | 0.1 | 19.1 ± 11.7 | 18.4 ± 10.5 | 19.8 ± 14.7 | -- | -- | -- |
Note. Numbers are frequencies, or M ± SD as appropriate
*
p<0.05
***
p<0.001
a
differs from 0 Risk-Allele Cocaine Subjects
b
differs from 1 Risk-Allele Cocaine Subjects
c
differs from 2 Risk-Allele Cocaine Subjects
d
differs from 0 Risk-Allele Control Subjects
e
differs from 1 Risk-Allele Control Subjects
f
differs from 2 Risk-Allele Control Subjects
†
comorbidity history information missing for two cocaine subjects
‡
because high lifetime comorbidity rates commonly occur in cocaine addiction, including subjects with these comorbidities enhances generalizability.