Table 4. Random-Effects Models Illustrating Change in MMSE-Measured Cognitive Function by Serum 25(OH)D Level^a.

Serum 25(OH)D Level, nmol/L	All Participants (n=858)		Nondemented Participants Only (n=829)
	Unadjusted Modelb	Fully Adjusted Modelc	Unadjusted Modelb	Fully Adjusted Modelc
≥75	0.0 [Reference]	0.0 [Reference]	0.0 [Reference]	0.0 [Reference]
≥50 to <75	−0.085 (0.169)	−0.111 (0.115)	−0.117 (0.174)	−0.130 (0.114)
≥25 to <50	−0.139 (0.146)	−0.035 (0.095)	−0.154 (0.153)	−0.051 (0.096)
<25	−0.664 (0.146)	−0.321 (0.109)	−0.684 (0.153)	−0.310 (0.109)
P value for linear trend	<.001	.03	<.001	.04

Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination²⁹ (range, 0-30; higher score represents better function).

^aAll data are reported as estimated (SE) β values.

^bAdjusted for baseline cognitive score only.

^cAdjusted for age, sex, education, baseline cognitive score, season tested, body mass index, impaired mobility, diabetes, and stroke.