EMSA with the AraR protein and various 5′- and 3′-deletion fragments of the galM upstream region. (A) The DNA fragments (P1 to P9; P1 is the same as PB in Fig. 1A and 5), with their EMSA results indicated (+, positive for binding of AraR; and −, no binding of AraR), corresponded to the regions located at the positions indicated with respect to the translation start site of galM. (B) Each 20-μl binding reaction mixture, containing 40 ng of the DNA probe with (+) or without (−) the AraR protein at 100 nM, was subjected to electrophoresis on a 6% polyacrylamide gel.