Table 4. Urban-rural comparison of the subscale scores of the parent-rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in a random sample of 22,108 children from 8 provinces in China.

Subscales	Total n=22,108 mean (sd)	Rural areas n=11,431 mean (sd)	Urban areas n=10,677 mean (sd)	t	p
Emotional symptoms
male	2.3 (2.0)	2.5 (2.0)	2.1 (1.9)	11.46	<0.001
female	2.4 (2.0)	2.6 (2.0)	2.2 (1.9)	10.34	<0.001
total	2.3 (2.0)	2.5 (2.0)	2.1 (1.9)	15.42	<0.001
Conduct problems
male	2.2 (1.7)	2.3 (1.7)	2.1 (1. 6)	6.46	<0.001
female	2.0 (1.6)	2.0 (1.7)	1.9 (1.5)	5.29	<0.001
total	2.1 (1.6)	2.2 (1.7)	2.0 (1.5)	8.38	<0.001
Hyperactivity/Inattention
male	4.6 (2.2)	4.5 (2.2)	4.7 (2.3)	-6.32	<0.001
female	4.0 (2.1)	4.0 (2.1)	4.1 (2.2)	-1.67	0.095
total	4.3 (2.2)	4.2 (2.1)	4.4 (2.3)	-5.65	<0.001
Peer relationship problems
male	3.4 (1.7)	3.6 (1.7)	3.1 (1.7)	15.77	<0.001
female	3.3 (1.7)	3.6 (1.7)	3.1 (1.7)	14.52	<0.001
total	3.3 (1.7)	3.6 (1.7)	3.1 (1.7)	21.45	<0.001
Total difficulties
male	12.4 (4.9)	12.8 (5.0)	12.0 (4.8)	9.34	<0.001
female	11.6 (5.0)	12.2 (5.0)	11.2 (4.9)	9.96	<0.001
total	12.1 (5.0)	12.5 (5.0)	11.6 (4.9)	13.66	<0.001
Prosocial behavior
male	6.1 (2.1)	5.9 (2.1)	6.3 (2.1)	-11.05	<0.001
female	6.5 (2.1)	6.2 (2.1)	6.7 (2.1)	-12.49	<0.001
total	6.3 (2.1)	6.0 (2.1)	6.5 (2.1)	-16.61	<0.001