Table 1.

Effects of meditation practice on brain areas underlying tonic alertness/sleep

					DLPFC	dACC	AIC	IPL	SPL	BG	THAL	DMN
Sleep					↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↑
Tonic alertness					↑R	↑R	↑R	↑R	↑R	↑	↑
Meditation Studies	Type of meditation	Sample	Design	Task
Allen et al.80	6-week mindfulness	MOD	LRCT, CS	Affective Stroop at R	↑L	↑	↑R					↑B
Baerensten et al.109 (onset vs. rest)	Zen, Mantra	EX	WS	M vs. R				↑B	↓R	↑B		↓
Baerensten et al.109 (sustained vs. rest)	Zen, Mantra	EX	WS	M vs. R	↓R					↑
Baerentsen et al.109 (meditation vs. rest)	Mixed	EX	WS	M vs. R	↓B	↑B		↑R		↑		↓
Baron Short et al.78 (less experienced meditators)	Tibetan, Zen, OM	EX, NM	CS, WS	M vs. C (picture viewing)		↓
Baron Short et al.78 (meditators vs. controls)	Tibetan, Zen, OM	EX, NM	CS, WS	M vs. C (picture viewing)	↑
Baron Short et al.78 (more experienced meditators)	Tibetan, Zen, OM	EX, NM	CS, WS	M vs. C (picture viewing)		↑
Brefczynski- Lewis et al.45	Tibetan FA	EX, NM	CS	M vs. R	↑L		↓R	↑	↑B	↑L	ND	↑↓L
Brefczynski- Lewis et al.45 (less hours EX)	Tibetan FA	EX, NM	CS	M vs. R		↑
Brefczynski- Lewis et al.45 (more hours EX)	Tibetan FA	EX, NM	CS	M vs. R		↓
Brewer et al.99 (F)	FA, OM, LKM	EX, NM	WS, CS	M vs. R				↓				↓
Farb et al.67	8-week MBSR	MOD, NM	CS	M while reading self-related vs.control words	↑L		↑R	↑				↓
Farb et al.87	8-week MBSR	MOD, NM	CS	Watching sad videos vs. R	↑↓L	↑R	↑R		↓R		↑
Gard et al.89	Vipassana	EX, NM	CS, WS	Anticipation/pain during M and C	↑↓	↑R	↑R	↓		↓
Goldin and Gross189	8-week MBSR	MOD, NM	LRCT, WS	M vs. C (count backwards)				↑	↑			↑
Goldin and Gross189	8-week MBSR	MOD, NM	LRCT, CS	Self-reference vs. control words at rest								↑
Goldin and Gross189	8-week MBSR	NOV	LRCT, WS	Self-reference vs. Control words at Rest	↓			↑	↑			↑ ↓
Grant et al.93 (S)	Zen	EX, NM	CS, WS	R		↑R	↑R	↑
Grant et al.88	Zen	EX, NM	CS	During pain	↓B	↑B	↑B			↑B	↑B
Hasenkamp et al.65	FA—AWARE Phase	EX	WS	M	↑L	↑B	↑B		↑L
Hasenkamp et al.65	FA—FOCUS Phase	EX	WS	M	↑R
Hasenkamp et al.65	FA—SHIFT phase	EX	WS	M			↓B	↑B	↓L	↑B	↑ B	↓B
Hölzel et al.92 (S)	Vipassana	EX, NM	CS	R			↑					↑
Hölzel et al.86	Vipassana	EX, NM	CS, WS	M vs. C (arithmetic)		↑						↑B
Hölzel et al.92 (S)	8-week MBSR	MOD	LRCT, WS	R								↑
Ives-Deliperi et al.190	MBSR-trained experts	EX	WS	M vs. C (generation of numbers)	↓R	↓L	↓B		↓B			↑R
Klimecki et al.191	6 h LKM	NOV	WS	Neutral vs. distressing videos at R						↑R		↑R
Lazar et al.66	Insight	EX, NM	CS	R	↑		↑
Lee et al.81	FA, LKM	EX, NM	CS, WS	Emotion photos vs. cognitive task at R and while M	↑
Lee et al.81 (FA only)	FA	EX, NM	CS, WS	Emotion photos vs. cognitive task at R and while M			↑L		↑R		↓R
Lee et al.81 (LK only)	LKM	EX, NM	CS, WS	Emotion processing (photos) vs. cognitive task at R and while M	↑L	↑L			↑R	↑L
Luders et al.83 (S)	Mixed	EX, NM	CS	R	↑						↑R
Luders et al.95 (Cortical gyrification) (S)	Mixed	EX, NM	CS	R	↑B			↑L	↑R
Manna et al.76 (monks FA> rest)	Theravada FA	EX, NOV	WS	M vs. R	↑R ↓L	↑B	↓L
Manna et al.76 (monks OM> Rest)	Theravada OM	EX, NOV	WS	M vs. R	↑L				↑L
Manna et al.76 (monks OM>FA)	Theravada FA, OM	EX, NOV	WS	M vs. R	↑B	R	↑L		↑L
Manna et al.76 (NOV FA> rest)	10-day FA	EX, NOV	WS	M vs. R								↑L
Manna et al.76 (NOV OM> rest)	10-day FA	EX, NOV	WS	M vs. R	↑R	↑B
Pagnoni and Cekic48 (S)	Zen	EX, NM	CS	Attention task						↑L
Ritskes R et al.79	Zen	EX	WS	M vs. R	↑R	↓				↑
Taylor et al.94	Zen and mindfulness	EX, NOV	CS	M vs. R, while viewing emotional images								↓R
Yu et al.77	Zen FA	NOV	WS	M	↑
Zeidan et al.70	FA 4 days	NOV	L, WS	During pain	↑	↑B	↑R					↓B

NOTE: Type of study: S= structural (gyrification, volume), all other S = functional (fMRI, PET); type of meditation: FA= focused attention, OM= open monitoring, LKM= loving kindness; design: CS= cross-sectional, WS= within-subjects, RCT= randomized controlled trial, L = longitudinal; sample: EX=expert, MOD = moderate, NOV= novice, NM= non-meditator; task: M= meditation, R= rest, C= control task; brain areas: follow Brodmann area (BA), when provided, or authors designation; L = left; R = right; B= bilateral; ND=no difference; DLPFC= dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 9–12, 45, 46, 47) dACC= dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (BA 11, 24, 25, 32); AIC = anterior insular cortex (BA 13, 14, 47, 48); IPL= inferior parietal lobule (BA 39, 40, 43) (also called the temporal-parietal junction or TPJ); SPL= superior parietal lobule (BA 7, precuneus); BG=basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, globuspallidus); THAL = thalamus; DMN= default mode network (mPFC, PCC).