Figure 6.

Phenotypes of deletion mutants upon complementation with gene variants with different levels of codon adaptation. (A) Design of clpS and yjjB gene variants with reduced proportion of optimal codons but with a preserved amino acid sequence. (B) Distributions of codon adaptation in Escherichia coli ribosomal protein genes (orange histogram) and other genes (grey histogram). The codon adaptation of the designed genes is marked by the arrows. (C, D) Heat and osmotic shock survival for the wild-type, the clpS and yjjB deletion mutants, and the same strains complemented by a wild-type or a gene variant with a reduced codon adaptation. Error bars show the 95% CI of the mean.