Table 1.
Characteristics of the study subjects
| Variables | Control subjects (n = 62) | Type 1 diabetes (n = 53) | Ketosis-onset diabetes (n = 208) | Non-ketotic type 2 diabetes (n = 215) | p values | * p values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (%) |
43 (69.4%) |
31 (58.5%) |
153 (73.6%) |
122 (56.7%) |
0.002 |
0.030 |
| Age (years) |
47 ± 11 |
49 ± 18 |
49 ± 15 |
56 ± 14 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
| Smoking (n, %) |
38 (61.3%) |
17 (32.1%) |
84 (40.4%) |
65 (30.2%) |
<0.001 |
0.001 |
| Alcohol (n, %) |
40 (64.5%) |
14 (26.4%) |
37 (17.8%) |
36 (16.7%) |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) |
25 (40.3%) |
11 (20.8%) |
81 (38.9%) |
98 (45.6%) |
0.011 |
0.035 |
| CCEs (%) |
0 (0.0%) |
2 (3.8%) |
10 (4.8%) |
31 (14.4%) |
0.002 |
0.023 |
| LLDs (%) |
15 (24.2%) |
10 (18.9%) |
63 (30.3%) |
70 (32.6%) |
0.641 |
0.712 |
| AHDs (%) |
19 (30.6%) |
8 (15.1%) |
68 (32.7%) |
95 (44.2%) |
0.012 |
0.029 |
| Aspirin (%) |
8 (12.9%) |
18 (34.0%) |
66 (31.7%) |
74 (34.4%) |
0.009 |
0.013 |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
24.14 ± 3.67 |
22.34 ± 4.35 |
25.05 ± 3.54 |
25.16 ± 3.59 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
| WHR |
0.92 ± 0.07 |
0.89 ± 0.07 |
0.91 + 0.06 |
0.91 + 0.06 |
0.019 |
0.475 |
| **Weight category |
|
|
|
|
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
| Underweight |
3 (4.4%) |
8 (15.1%) |
3 (1.4%) |
2 (0.9%) |
—— |
—— |
| Overweight |
20 (32.3%) |
6 (11.3%) |
48 (23.1%) |
49 (22.8%) |
—— |
—— |
| Obesity |
22 (35.5%) |
11 (20.8%) |
97 (46.6%) |
109 (50.7%) |
—— |
—— |
| SBP (mmHg) |
124 ± 16 |
125 ± 17 |
127 ± 15 |
130 ± 17 |
0.042 |
0.146 |
| DBP (mmHg) |
78 ± 12 |
79 ± 10 |
81 ± 11 |
81 ± 9 |
0.101 |
0.023 |
| *TG (mmol/l) |
1.18 (0.88-1.92) |
1.21 (0.84-1.55) |
1.44 (1.00-2.19) |
1.49 (1.08-2.21) |
0.001 |
0.019 |
| TC (mmol/l) |
4.84 ± 1.02 |
4.83 ± 1.09 |
5.03 ± 1.22 |
4.82 ± 1.22 |
0.323 |
0.695 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) |
1.28 ± 0.35 |
1.13 ± 0.26 |
1.05 ± 0.27 |
1.11 ± 0.25 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) |
2.71 ± 0.88 |
3.24 ± 0.97 |
3.40 ± 1.03 |
3.12 ± 0.97 |
<0.001 |
0.075 |
| *Cr (μmol/l) |
71 (56–82) |
59 (48–79) |
68 (58–80) |
67 (54–79) |
0.036 |
0.442 |
| *UAE (mg/24 h) |
—— |
9.9 (7.1-18.1) |
10.3 (6.5-23.8) |
8.9 (6.4-24.8) |
0.823 |
0.917 |
| *eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) |
103 (93–116) |
109 (89–136) |
112 (92–134) |
98 (82–118) |
0.432 |
0.588 |
| *FPG (mmol/l) |
4.96 (4.67-5.24) |
7.99 (6.02-11.44) |
9.74 (7.63-12.45) |
7.53 (6.39-9.67) |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
| *2 h PPG (mmol/l) |
5.84 (5.04-6.58) |
14.66 (10.49-19.61) |
16.66 (12.94-20.79) |
13.14 (10.39-16.66) |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
| *FCP (ng/mL) |
2.05 (1.6-3.03) |
0.6 (0.3-0.84) |
1.23 (0.74-1.92) |
2.02 (1.36-2.93) |
<0.001 |
0.030 |
| *2 h C-P (ng/mL) |
7.99 (6.56-9.92) |
0.92 (0.62-1.77) |
2.31 (1.55-3.66) |
4.65 (3.12-6.35) |
<0.001 |
0.004 |
| HA1C (%) | 5.3 ± 0.34 | 12.39 ± 2.36 | 11.83 ± 2.05 | 9.81 ± 2.58 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD, median with interquartile range, or percentages. *Non-normal distribution of continuous variables. **Weight was divided into underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), overweight (23 to 24.9 kg/m2), and obesity (BMI > 25 kg/m2) based on Asia-Pacific criteria.
P value: The p-values were not adjusted for age and sex for the trend.
*P value: The *p value were adjusted by age and sex for the trend.