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Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) values as determined by terminal transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) (a), sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) (b), and sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) (c) assays. CV, nontreated grade I clinical varicocele; T-CV, surgically treated clinical varicocele; ScV, nontreated subclinical varicocele; T-ScV, surgically treated subclinical varicocele. Horizontal bars represent median SDF values. *P < 0.05; §data of fertile donors from [19].
