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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: HIV Med. 2014 Jan 14;15(6):347–354. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12120

Table 3.

Risk Factors Associated with HIV Transmission and Infant Mortalitya

HIV Transmission OR (95% CI) p-value HIV Transmission aORb (95% CI) p-value Infant Mortality OR (95% CI) p-value Infant Mortality aORc (95% CI) p-value
Risk Factor
Maternal age 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) 0.16 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) 0.22
Maternal Education
 < Primary Ref Ref Ref Ref
 > Primary 0.67 (0.44, 1.07) 0.10 0.84 (0.52, 1.37) 0.49 0.51 (0.24, 1.12) 0.09 0.56 (0.23, 1.35) 0.20
Maternal CD4 cell countd
 >350 cells/μL Ref Ref Ref Ref
 200–350 cells/μL 1.45 (0.85, 2.25) 0.17 1.28 (0.73, 2.32) 0.22 1.77 (0.71, 4.40) 0.22 1.71 (0.64, 4.61) 0.28
 <200 cells/μL 4.28 (2.14, 8.56) 0.001 4.85 (2.45, 9.59) 0.001 5.81 (2.18, 15.5) 0.001 3.45 (1.01, 11.8) 0.047
Maternal HIV-1 viral loadd
 <100,000 copies/mL Ref Ref Ref Ref
 >100,000 copies/mL 4.82 (2.75, 8.47) <0.001 3.27 (1.74, 6.14) <0.001 4.38 (1.84, 10.5) 0.001 1.71 (0.60, 4.85) 0.31
Antepartum zidovudine 0.61 (0.37, 1.01) 0.05 0.87 (0.49, 1.54) 0.63 0.50 (0.20, 1.25) 0.14
Intrapartum nevirapine 0.67 (0.42, 1.05) 0.08 0.88 (0.51, 1.53) 0.65 0.57 (0.26, 1.25) 0.16
Maternal Hbd concentration 0.86 (0.77, 0.96) 0.008 0.93 (0.83, 1.05) 0.24 0.72 (0.60, 0.87) 0.001
Maternal HIV-HBV coinfection 0.68 (0.20, 2.27) 0.53 1.06 (0.30, 3.66) 0.93 2.73 (0.78, 9.59) 0.12 3.12 (0.67, 14.57) 0.15
Maternal mortality at one year 2.92 (0.74, 11.49) 0.13 11.7 (2.85, 48.03) 0.001 2.41 (0.40, 14.5) 0.34
Breastfeeding duration 1.14 (1.07, 1.21) <0.001 3.57 (1.06, 1.21) <0.001 0.69 (0.55, 0.86) 0.001 0.67 (0.53, 0.83) <0.001
Infant HIV infection at one year 7.05 (3.20, 15.57) <0.001 8.14 (3.26, 20.30) <0.001

aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Hb, hemoglobin; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio.

a

Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios. Analyses were restricted to study participants with hepatitis B surface antigen screening results (N=689).

b

Adjusted for maternal HIV-1 viral load, maternal CD4 cell count, breastfeeding duration, maternal antiretroviral therapy, maternal Hb.

c

Adjusted for maternal HIV-1 viral load, maternal CD4 cell count, breastfeeding duration, maternal antiretroviral therapy, maternal Hb, maternal mortality at one year, and infant HIV infection.

d

Baseline value assessed at the time of delivery.