Table 2. Changes in adiposity, blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors.
| MD+EVOO (n = 55) | MD+Nuts (n = 55) | Low-fat diet (n = 54) | ||||||
| Mean | P3 | Mean | P3 | Mean | P3 | Pint 4 | ||
| Weight (Kg) | Baseline1 | 75.5±1.6 | 76.9±1.6 | 75.3±1.7 | 0.70 | |||
| 1y.1 | 74.9±1.6 | 76.7±1.7 | 75.0±1.7 | |||||
| Mean changes2 | −0.6 (−1.4 to 0.1) | 0.09 | −0.2 (−1.0 to 0.5) | 0.54 | −0.3 (−1.1 to 0.5) | 0.44 | ||
| BMI (Kg/m2) | Baseline | 29.2±0.5 | 28.9±0.5 | 29.3±0.5 | 0.85 | |||
| 1y. | 29.1±0.5 | 28.8±0.5 | 29.2±0.6 | |||||
| Mean changes | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.99 | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.90 | −0.1 (−0.5 to 0.2) | 0.44 | ||
| Waist circumference (cm) | Baseline | 102±1.3 | 102±1.3 | 100±1.4 | 0.09 | |||
| 1y. | 98.6±1.4 | 99.2±1.4 | 99.4±1.5 | |||||
| Mean changes | −3.2 (−4.6 to −1.7) | <0.001 | −2.8 (−4.3 to −1.4) | <0.001 | −0.6 (−2.1 to 0.9) | 0.42 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Baseline | 152±2.6 | 148±2.6 | 153±2.7 | 0.02 | |||
| 1y. | 146±2.6 | 141±2.5 | 155±2.7 | |||||
| Mean changes | −6.0 (−10.1 to −2.0)a | 0.004 | −6.4 (−10.5 to −2.4)a | 0.002 | 2.2 (−2.1 to 6.5) | 0.32 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Baseline | 85.0±1.3 | 85.1±1.3 | 86.8±1.4 | 0.02 | |||
| 1y. | 81.8±1.2 | 82.5±1.2 | 88.4±1.3 | |||||
| Mean changes | −3.2 (−5.4 to −0.9)a | 0.07 | −2.6 (−4.9 to −0.4)a | 0.02 | 1.6 (−0.8 to 4.0) | 0.20 | ||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | Baseline | 130±5.5 | 127±5.6 | 132±5.6 | 0.83 | |||
| 1y. | 131±5.5 | 127±5.5 | 129±5.5 | |||||
| Mean changes | 1.2 (−6.8 to 9.2) | 0.77 | −0.2 (−8.3 to 7.9) | 0.96 | −2.9 (−11.1 to 5.3) | 0.49 | ||
| Glycated hemoglobin (mg/dL) | Baseline | 6.1±0.2 | 6.0±0.2 | 6.1±0.3 | 0.90 | |||
| 1y. | 6.3±0.2 | 6.1±0.2 | 6.0±0.2 | |||||
| Mean changes | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.5) | 0.23 | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.3) | 0.66 | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.45 | ||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | Baseline | 147±11.1 | 138±11.1 | 148±11.5 | 0.80 | |||
| 1y. | 143±8.9 | 135±8.9 | 133±9.2 | |||||
| Mean changes | −4.2 (−24.0 to 15.5) | 0.67 | −2.9 (−22.6 to 16.9) | 0.77 | −15.5 (−36.0 to 5.0) | 0.14 | ||
| Total-cholesterol (mg/dL) | Baseline | 228±4.6 | 225±4.6 | 208±4.7 | 0.04 | |||
| 1y. | 214±4.5 | 209±4.5 | 207±4.6 | |||||
| Mean changes | −13.5 (−23.0 to −4.1)a | 0.005 | −15.7 (−25.1 to −6.3)a | 0.001 | 0.1 (−9.4 to 9.6) | 0.98 | ||
| HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | Baseline | 54.5±1.6 | 53.8±1.7 | 55.6±1.7 | 0.47 | |||
| 1y. | 56.6±1.7 | 52.6±1.7 | 53.2±1.8 | |||||
| Mean changes | 2.1 (−0.2 to 4.4) | 0.07 | −1.2 (−3.5 to 1.1) | 0.31 | −2.4 (−2.8 to −2.0) | 0.74 | ||
| LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | Baseline | 145±3.9 | 144±3.9 | 128±4.0 | 0.04 | |||
| 1y. | 130±4.0 | 132±4.0 | 124±4.0 | |||||
| Mean changes | −14.4 (−21.1 to −7.7)a | <0.001 | −11.7 (−18.4 to −5.0)a | 0.001 | −3.6 (−10.4 to 3.2) | 0.56 | ||
| Cholesterol: HDL-Cholesterol ratio | Baseline | 4.4±0.1 | 4.3±0.1 | 3.8±0.1 | 0.01 | |||
| 1y. | 4.0±0.1 | 4.1±0.1 | 3.9±0.1 | |||||
| Mean changes | −0.4 (−0.6 to −0.2)a | <0.001 | −0.2 (−0.5 to −0.03)a | 0.03 | 0.05 (−0.2 to 0.3) | 0.83 | ||
Data analyzed by repeated-measures 2-factor ANOVA (simple-effect analysis by Bonferroni’s multiple contrast).
1
Values are mean ± SD.
2
Mean differences (95% CI).
3
P: Significant differences (P<0.05) between before and after the intervention.
4
Pint: comparison between measures obtained before and after intervention and among the 3 diet groups, P<0.05.
a
MD+EVOO or MD+nuts vs. low fat-diet are significantly different, P<0.05. EVOO, extra virgin olive oil; MD+EVOO, Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra virgin olive oil; MD+Nuts, Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts. BMI, body mass index.