Table 1.

Overview of factors affecting glucocorticoid receptor activity and adult neurogenesis

	GR			Adult neurogenesis
	mRNA	Protein	Activity	Proliferation	Differentiation	Maturation
Molecular factors
DNA	Methylation ↓ [137, 138, 140, 170]	GR-KO ↓ [171]	NA	NA	NA	GR-KO ↓ [172]
miRNA	miR-124 ↓ [103, 173]	↓	miR-124 ↓ [103, 173]	miR-124 ↑ [105]	miR-124 ↑	Nd
GR Co-regulators	NA	NA	DCL ↑ [136] Ube3a ↑ [134]	SMO ↑ [174] DKK1 ↓ [175] Ube3a = [133]	Ube3a = [133]	Ube3a ↓ [133]
Genes with GREs	NA	NA	CALD1 ↑ [109] SGK1 ↑ [130] Npas4 ↓ [176]	SGK1 ↓ [130] Npas4 = [177]	CALD1 ↓ [109]	Npas4 ↓ [177]
GR siRNA	GR ↓ [108]	NA		GR = [108]	GR ↑ [108]	GR ↑ [108]
CORT	NA	NA	CORT injection ↑ [64, 178, 179] Adrenal ectomy ↓ [14, 64]	CORT injection ↓ [178] Adrenal ectomy ↑ [14]	CORT injection ↓ [179]	CORT injection ↓ [64] Adrenal ectomy ↑ [64]
Environmental factors
Early life	Maternal care ↑ [180]	NA	Prenatal stress ↑ [181–183] Maternal care ↑ [180]	Prenatal stress ↓ [181, 183] Maternal care = [184] Maternal deprivation ↓ [141]	Maternal deprivation ↓ [141]	Prenatal stress ↓ [182]& = [181] Maternal care ↑ [184] Maternal deprivation = [141]
Aging	NA	↓ [92, 146, 147]	↑ [185, 186]	↓ [143]	↓ [145, 187]
Social interaction	NA	NA	Social housing ↑ [188] Isolation ↓ [69] Defeat ↑ [189]	Social housing ↑ [188] Isolation ↓ [69, 190] Defeat ↓ [61–63, 191]	Defeat ↓ [192]	Defeat ↓ [192] Social avoidance ↑ [63] Communal nesting ↑ [193]
Physical activity	NA	NA	Running ↑ [69] Running = [66, 194]	Running ↑ [69] Stressed = [194]	Running ↑ [69]	Running ↑ [195]
Stress	NA	NA	Acute ↑ [99] Chronic ↑ [196]	Acute ↓ [99, 197, 198] Chronic ↓ [199–201]	Acute ↓ [197, 198] Chronic ↓ [200]	Chronic = [199] Chronic ↓ [200]