Figure 5. The comparison of summer rainfall in eastern-Central Asia (b), the intensity of the East Asian summer monsoon²³ (c) and the Indian summer monsoon²¹ (d), the climate variation of the high northern latitudes²⁷ (a), and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) frequency in the equatorial Pacific⁶⁰ (e).

The grey bars trace the teleconnection among these variables on the millennial timescale. The orange triangles show the calibrated ¹⁴C age-control points of the Chaiwobu time series. The numbers from 1 to 5 indicate the five ice-rafted debris (IRD) events of the North Atlantic²⁷. The grey curve shows the solar radiation difference between March and September at the equator as a measure of seasonality in the cold tongue of the eastern Equatorial Pacific⁴⁵.