Table 1.

Medicinal plants used in Maale and Ari communities with plant parts used, growth form and applications

N o	Vernacular names: Maale (M), Araf (A)	Ailments	Scientific name	Family Name	Voucher №	Parts used	Growth form	Application route	Study sites
1	Tsinkaso (M)	Eye disease (infection), Headache	Barleria ventricosa Hochst. ex Nees	Acanthaceae	210 , 356	Leaves	Herb	Topical	M
2	Moro Golodo (M)	Gastritis	Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Roth.	Acanthaceae	234, 637	Whole	Herb	Oral	M
3	Golodo (M)	Oral trash, Gastritis, Malnutrition	Justicia bizuneshiae Ensermu	Acanthaceae	357	Leaves	Herb	Oral	M
4	Busino (M)	Amoebiasis, Stomach ache, Diarrhea	Hypoestes forsskaolii (Vahl) R. Br.	Acanthaceae	30	Root	Herb	Oral	M
5	Kati Murso (M)	Constipation, Ascariasis	Thunbergia alata Boj. ex Sims	Acanthaceae	232,366, 391	whole	Climber	Oral	M
6	Majimaylo(M)	Tape worm	Celosia trigyna L.	Amaranthaceae	679	Leaves	Herb	Oral	M
7	Tsami shinkurt (A)	Stomach ache	Allium sativum L.	Amaryllidaceae	-	Bulb	Herb	Oral	A1, A2
8	Salvano (M)	Ascariasis	Ozoroa insignis Delile	Anacardiaceae	177 224 289 302	Stem bark	Tree	Oral	M
9	Kubri (M)	Diarrhea, Toothache, Food poisoning, Vomiting	Rhus natalensis Krauss	Anacardiaceae	28	Leaves	Shrub	Oral	M
10	Muralatse (M)	Food poisoning, vomiting	Uvaria leptocladon Oliv.	Annonaceae	24	Leaves	Shrub	Oral	M
11	Afi Deshe (A)	Evil eye	Agrocharis melanantha Hochst.	Apiaceae	309	Leaves	Herb		A 2
12	Etsewayo (M), Ountinkam (A)	Gastritis, Headache Evil eye	Centella asiatica (L.) Urban	Apiaceae	36,128	whole	Herb	Oral	M, A1, A2
		Swelling	Centella asiatica (L.) Urban			Whole	Herb	Topical
13	Ambelto (M), Almi (A)	Tonsilites	Carissa spinarum L.	Apocynaceae	33,119	Leaves	Tree	Oral	M, A1
		Snake protection	Carissa spinarum L.			Root	Tree	Smoke
		Stomach ache,	Carissa spinarum L.			Root	Tree	Oral
		Evil eye	Carissa spinarum L.			Root	Tree	Inhale
14	Pijie (M)	Ascariasis	Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov.	Apocynaceae	304	Root	Climber	Oral	M
		Malnutrition (Child)	Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov.			Leaves		Oral	M
15	Metse (M)	Retained placenta	Leptadenia hastata (Pel's.) Decne.	Apocynaceae	101	Leaves	Shrub	Oral	M
		Liver disease(Ara)	Leptadenia hastata (Pel's.) Decne.			Leaves		Inhale
16	Zolpe (M)	Liver disease (Ara)	Stereospermum kunthianum Cham.	Bignoniaceae	282,402	Leaves	Tree	Inhale	M
17	Achenti (A)	Stomach ache	Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk.	Boraginaceae	2	Root	Herb	Oral	A2
18	Kolpo (M)	Common cold	Brassica carinata A. Braun	Brassicaceae		Leaves	Herb	Oral	M
19	Feto	Common cold	Lepidium sativum L.	Brassicaceae	-	Seed	Herb	Oral	A2
20	Afi Deshe (A)	Evil eye	Monopsis stellarioides (Presl) Urb.	Campanulaceae	246	Leaves	Herb	Oral	A2
	Guni deshe (A)	Snake bite	Monopsis stellarioides (Presl) Urb.
21	Chedi (A)	Oral trash	Garcinia livingstonei T.Anders.	Clusiaceae	14	Fruit	Tree	Topical	A2
22	Yemdir Berbere (A)	Tooth ache, Tonsillitis	Acmella caulirhiza Delile	Compositae	89,313	Flower	Herb	Topical	A1
23	Dunko (M), Duno (A)	Stomach ache	Artemisia absinthium L.	Compositae	-	Leaves with stem	Herb	Oral	M, A1
		Evil eye, Sudden disease, Headache	Artemisia absinthium L.			Leaves with stem		Oral/Inhale
24	Hachenti (M)	Diarrhea	Bidens pilosa L.	Compositae	233	Root	Herb	Oral	M
25	Azi deshe (A)	Swelling(eti)	Conyza gouanii (L.) Willd.	Compositae	311	Leaves	Herb	Topical	A2
26	Rebasho (M) Haro mato (M)	Rheumatism	Tagetes minuta L.	Compositae	203	Leaves	Herb	Topical	M
		Amoebiasis	Tagetes minuta L.			Leaves	Herb	Oral
27	Gera (A)	Malaria	Vernonia amygdalina Delile	Compositae	-	leaves	shrub	Oral	M, A1
28	Kwakuch deshe (A)	Skin disease (‘Kwakucha)	Cuscuta campestris Yuncker	Convolvulaceae	259	Leaves with succulent stem	Herb	Topical	A1
29	Lago (M)	Malnutrition (Child) Diarrhea, Hheart disease, Gastritis	Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker-Gawl.	Convolvulaceae	211	Leaves	Herb/climber type	Oral	M
30	Welanke (M)	Liver disease	Ipomoea spathulata Hall.f.	Convolvulaceae	173,404	Leaves	Herb	Inhale	M
31	Kamakarsho (M)	Ascariasis	Combretum aculeatum Vent.	Combretaceae	287,504	Leaves	Shrub	Oral	M
32	Gaal (M)	Typoid	Terminalia brownii L.	Combretaceae		Leaves	Tree	Oral	M
		Snake bite	Terminalia brownii L.			Bark		Oral/Topical
33	Hachirindo (M)	Lower extremity weakness	Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. ex Spach	Cucurbitaceae	15	Leaves	Herb	Topical	M
		Amoebiasis	Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. ex Spach			Whole		Oral
34	Botayilashe (M), Bota (A)	Tape worm	Cucurbita pepo L.	Cucurbitaceae	-	Seed	Herb	Oral	M, A1
	Bota	Tape worm	Cucurbita pepo L.			Seed	Herb	Oral
35	Shuntee (M)	Mouth wound	Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn	Cucurbitaceae	84	Leaves	Herb	Topical	M
36	Choko (M)	Amoebiasis	Momordica foetida Schumach.	Cucurbitaceae	204, 242	Whole	Herb	Oral	M
37	Najie (M)	Evil eye	Momordica pterocarpa Hochst. ex A. Rich.	Cucurbitaceae	20	Leaves	Climber	Topical	M
		Amoebiasis	Momordica pterocarpa Hochst. ex A. Rich.			Leaves	Climber	Oral
38	Ounsi (M)	Stomach ache	Euclea divinorum Hiern	Ebenaceae	26	Root	Shrub	Oral	M
39	Sauto zao (M)	Stomach bloating, food poisoning, Vomiting	Acalypha fruticosa Forssk.	Euphorbiaceae	98	Leaves	Shrub	Oral	M
		Stomach ache	Acalypha fruticosa Forssk.			Stem		Oral	M
40	Sauti (M)	Eye injury	Acalypha volkensii Pax	Euphorbiaceae	223	Leaves	Herb	Topical	M
41	No local name	Eye disease (Cataract)	Euphorbia hirta L.	Euphorbiaceae	496	Latex	Herb	Topical	M
42	Tsedo (M)	Rabies	Euphorbia tirucalli L.	Euphorbiaceae	285	Root	Shrub	Oral	M
43	Tsamo desho (M)	Wound	Ricinus communis L.	Euphorbiaceae	350	Seed	Shrub	Topical	M,A2
44	Beto (M) Beta (A)	Gonorrhea ,Tape worm	Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Ferret & Galinier	Euphorbiaceae		Leaf bud	Tree	Oral	M, A1, A2
45	Gaina deshe/Azi deshe (A)	Stomach bloating,	Geranium arabicum Forssk.	Geraniaceae	312,445	Leaves	Herb	Oral	A2
		Swelling	Geranium arabicum Forssk.			Leaves	Herb	Topical
46	Bato ketero deshe (M)	Amoebiasis	Pelargonium quinquelobatum Hochst. ex A.Rich.,	Geraniaceae	227	Whole	Herb	Oral	M
47	Afi Deshe (A)	Evil eye	Hypericum peplidifolium A.Rich.	Hypericaceae	263	Leaves	Herb	Oral	A1,A2
48	Harsi deshe/ Gaina deshe/Shai Shar (A)	Diarrhea	Ajuga leucantha Lukhoba	Lamiaceae	274, 278, 441	Leaves	Herb	Oral	A1,A2
49	Baye Apo Desho (M)	Stomach ache, Heart, Rheumatism	Becium filamentosum (Forssk.) Chiov.	Lamiaceae	196,221,324	Whole	Herb	Oral	M
50	Bokolo (M), Dumfeken (A)	Stomach bloating, vomiting	Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) Vatke	Lamiaceae	195,346	Leaves	Shrub	Oral	M, A1, A2
		Evil eye	Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) Vatke	Lamiaceae	38	Root	Shrub	Oral ,Inhale
51	Apo Desho (M)	Evil eye	Endostemon tereticaulis (Poir.) M.Ashby	Lamiaceae	99,165	Whole	Herb	Topical	M
52	Tsamo desho (M)	Cold	Fuerstia africana T.C.E. Fr.	Lamiaceae	230	Leaves	Herb	Topical	M
53	Pelo Tsala (M)	Stomach ache, Amoebiasis, Stomach bloating, Head ache, Food poisoning, Vomiting	Leucas abyssinica (Benth.) Briq.	Lamiaceae	167,321	Leaves	Shrub	Oral	M
		Rheumantism	Leucas abyssinica (Benth.) Briq.			Leaves		Topical
54	Chergicola	Pus from Ear, nose, mouth; Eye disease (cataract), Rheumatism	Leucas glabarata (Vahl) Sm. in Rees	Lamiaceae	237, 281, 320, 365	Leaves	Herb	Topical	M
		Headache				Leaves		Oral/inhale
55	Azi deshe	Swelling	Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R.Br.	Lamiaceae	315	Leaves	Herb	Topical	A2
56	Lamo (M)	Stomach ache	Ocimum basilicum L.	Lamiaceae	222 ,317	Leaves	Herb	Oral	M
57	Gurdarindo (M)	Headache, Diarrhea Stomach bloating, Stomach ache, Vomiting	Ocimum forskolei Benth.	Lamiaceae	214 , 235	Whole	Herb	Oral	M
58	Pasi kedo	Heart disease	Ocimum laliifolium Hochst. ex Benth.	Lamiaceae	225,37	Leaves	Herb	Oral	M,
	Demakesse	Headache	Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth.		134	Leaves		Oral/Inhale	A1, A2
59	Kuliti kup (M)	Herpes simplex ( “Mich”)	Ocimum urticifolium Roth	Lamiaceae	133	Leaves	Shrub	Topical	A1,A2
		Stomach ache, Vomiting	Ocimum urticifolium Roth					Oral
		Headache	Ocimum urticifolium Roth					Inhale
60	Pero (M)	Amoebiasis, Stomach ache	Plectranthus barbatus Andrews	Lamiaceae	85	Root	Herb	Oral	M
61	Dumio (M)	Lower extremity weakness	Plectranthus cylindraceus Hochst. ex Benth.	Lamiaceae	229,503	Leaves	Herb	Topical	M
62	Ketero Desho Solelo (M)	Stomach ache, Amoebiasis, Diarrhea	Plectranthus longipes Baker	Lamiaceae	464	whole	Herb	Oral	M
63	Banjirindo (M)	Ease of Birth	Plectranthus punctatus (L.f) L.'Hér.	Lamiaceae	207,318,369	Whole	Herb	Oral	M
64	Anchip (M)	Amoebiasis, Diarrhea, Stomach bloating, Stomach ache, Food poisoning	Pycnostachys abyssinica Fresen.	Lamiaceae	205, 319	Leaves	Herb	Oral	M
65	Sheto (M)	Constipation	Satureja abyssinica (Benth.) Briq.	Lamiaceae	292, 690	Leaves	Herb	Oral	M
66	Zene gaime Deshe (A)	Stomach ache	Satureja paradoxa (Vatke) Engl. ex Seybold	Lamiaceae	310, 371	Leaves	Herb	Oral	A2
67	Kayneka/Digita (A)	Stomach ache	Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth.	Leguminosae	247,272	Leaves	shrub	Oral	A1, A2
		Diarrhea	Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth.			Root	Herb	Oral
68	Aro Dor deshe (M)	Malnutrition (Child)	Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene	Leguminosae	197,322	Whole	Herb	Oral	M
69	Dongordoso (M)	Tonsilites	Indigofera spicata Forssk.	Leguminosae	202, 251, 256,261, 345,388	Root	Herb	Oral	M, A1
	Afi Deshe/Gaina Deshe/Wesfat deshe (A)	Diarrhea, Evil eye Ascariasis, Stomach ache	Indigofera spicata Forssk.		467	Whole		Oral
70	Birbira (A)	To close wound caused by Jiggers	Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker	Leguminosae	-	Seed	Tree	Topical	A2
71	Dawrake (M)	Liver disease	Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh.	Leguminosae	117	Leaves	Tree	Inhale	M
72	Ara Deshe (A)	Liver disease (Ara)	Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock	Leguminosae	260	Leaves	Shrub	Inhale	A1, A2
73	Karhaleko (M)	Stomach ache, Diarrhea , Food poisoning, Vomiting, Ascariasis	Senna singueana (Delile) Lock	Leguminosae	59,28	Root	Shrub	Oral	M
74	Dino desho (M)	Diarrhea ( Children)	Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Alston	Leguminosae		Leaves	Herb	Oral	M
		Snake bite	Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Alston			Root		Oral
75	Dolkoiso (M)	Stomach ache, Vomiting	Tephrosia bracteolata Guill. & Perr.	Leguminosae	291	Leaves	Shrub	Oral	M
76	Seringo demo golodo (M)	Gastritis	Zornia pratensis Milne-Redh.	Leguminosae	192, 328	Leaves	Herb	Oral	M
77	Polo Golodo (M)	Stomach ache, Diarrhea, Gastritis	Abutilon longicuspe Hochst. ex A.Rich	Malvaceae	193	Leaves	Herb	Oral	M
78	Puta (M)	Heart, food poisoning	Gossypium herbaceum L.	Malvaceae	621	Leaves	Shrub	Oral	M
		Ear ache	Gossypium herbaceum L.			Leaf bud		Topical
79	Wari Beshe (M) Civil deshe (A)	Oral trash, Diarrhea , Malnutrition (Child)	Kosteletzkya adoensis (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Mast.	Malvaceae	209,368,465	Leaves	Herb	Oral	M,
		Fresh cut to stop bleeding	Kosteletzkya adoensis (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Mast.			Leaves	Herb	Topical	A1
80	Chuksha (A )	Swelling	Sida rhombifolia L.	Malvaceae	93, 314	Leaves	Herb	Topical	A2
81	Kautso (M)	Vomiting, Food poisoning	Sterculia africana (Lour.) Fiori	Malvaceae	47	Leaves	Tree	Oral	M
82	Gontersa (M)	Snake bite, Liver disease	Bersama abyssinica Fresen.	Melianthaceae	436,475	Stem bark	Shrub	Oral/ Topical	A1, A2
83	Chorahe (M)	Amoebiasis	Chasmanthera dependens Hochst.	Menispermaceae	100	Stem	Herb	Oral	M
		Swelling	Chasmanthera dependens Hochst.					Topical
84	Balari (M)	Amoebiasis, Diarrhea, Rabies, Stomach ache	Cissampelos mucronata A.Rich.	Menispermaceae	29,96	Root	Herb	Oral	M
85	Haleko, Kellengi (A)	Eye disease (cataract)	Moringa stenopetala (Bak.) Cuf.	Moringaceae	-	Stem bark	Tree	Topical	M,
		Malaria	Moringa stenopetala (Bak.) Cuf.			Leaves	Tree	Oral	A1
86	Musi (A)	Diarrhea	Musa paradisiaca L.	Musaceae	-	Fruit	Herb	Oral	A1
87	Enkoko (A)	Tape worm	Embelia schimperi Vatke	Myrsinaceae	-	Seeds	Shrub	Oral	A2
88	Diko (M)	Lower extremity weakness, Rheumatism	Commicarpus grandiflorus (A.Rich) Standley	Nyctaginaceae		Leaves	Herb	Topical	M
89	Mukalle (M)	Wound	Ximenia caffra Sond.	Olacaceae	22	Seed	Tree	Topical	M
90	Chamo (M)	Tape worm	Jasminum grandiflorum L subsp. floribundum (R.Br. ex Fresen.) P.S.Green:	Oleaceae	415,727		Climber	Oral	M
91	Rimiti (M)	Ascariasis, Gonorrhea	Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall.ex G.Don) Cif.	Oleaceae	108	Leaves	Tree	Oral	M
92	Afi deshe (Bere Keno) (A)	Evil eye	Biophytum umbraculum Welw.	Oxalidaceae	264	Leaves	Herb	Oral	A2
93	Solcarindo (M), Kinsa kins (A)	Malnutrition (children) Diarrhea, Tooth ache, Stop fresh cut bleeding	Oxalis radicosa A. Rich.	Oxalidaceae	212, 326	Leaves with succulent stem	Herb	Oral	M, A1
94	Azi (ite) deshe	Swelling	Phyllanthus ovalifolius Forssk.	Phyllanthaceae	200	Leaves	Shrub	Topical	A1,A2
95	Afi Deshe (A)	Evil eye	Phyllanthus rotundifolius Willd	Phyllanthaceae	244, 305	Leaves	Herb	Oral	A1
96	Tolsi (M), Andod (A)	Gonorrhea, Stomach bloating	Phytolacca dodecandra L 'Hérit.	Phytolaccaceae	97,241	Leaves	Climber	Oral	M,A1
97	Kurupe (M), Guni deshe (A)	Tooth ache	Plumbago zeylanica L.	Plumbaginaceae	90, 279, 284,306,367	Root bark	Climber	Topical	M, A1,A2
		Snake bite	Plumbago zeylanica L.			Whole		Oral
98	Tsoralle (M)	Skin burns	Portulaca quadrifida L.	Portulacaceae		Leaves	Herb	Topical	M
99	Wuchanbe (M)	Tape worm	Myrsine africana L.	Primulaceae	178	Seed	Shrub	Oral	M
100	Gero (M)	Tooth ache	Faurea speciosa Welw.	Proteaceae	109,413	Leaves	Tree	Topical	M
101	Dishoo (M)	Ear ache	Clematis hirsuta Perr. & Guill.	Ranunculaceae	110,231	Leaves	Climber	Topical	M
		Headache	Clematis hirsuta Perr. & Guill.			Leaves		Oral
102	Afi Deshe (M)	Evil eye	Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.	Ranunculaceae	381,111, 270	Leaves	Herb	Topical	A2
		Tonsillitis	Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.					Oral
103	Ziambee	Ascariasis	Caylusea abyssinica (Fresen.) Fisch. & Mey	Resedaceae	16	Leaves	Herb	Oral	M
104	Kulmi (A)	Tonsilities	Rhamnus prinoides L.'Hérit.	Rhamnaceae	-	Leaves	Shrub	Oral	A1,A2
105	Kosso (A)	Tape worm	Hagenia abyssinica (Brace) J.F.Gmel.	Rosaceae	-	Flower	Tree	Oral	M, A2
106	Afi Deshe(b)	Evil eye	Oldenlandia lancifolia (Schumach.) DC.	Rubiaceae	245	Leaves	Herb	Oral	A1
107	Wari ampi (M)	Liver disease (Ara)	Pavetta gardeniifolia A.Rich.	Rubiaceae	325	Leaves	Shrub	Inhale	M
		Common cold	Pavetta gardeniifolia A Rich.
108	Afi deshe/gaina deshe (A)	Diarrhea, Evil eye, Tooth ache, Stomach ache, Head wound	Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers	Rubiaceae	277,243,250, 276, 249	Root	Herb	Oral	A1, A2
109	Garo (M)	Ascariasis	Vangueria apiculata K. Schum.	Rubiaceae	8,157	Leaves	Shrub	Oral	M
110	Gembala (M)	Malaria	Gardenia ternifolia Schumach. & Thonn.	Rubiaceae	352	Leaves	Tree	Oral	M
111	Onaki (M)	Ascariasis	Meyna tetraphylla (Schweinf. ex Hiern) Robyns	Rubiaceae	4	Leaves	Tree	Oral	M
112	Lomi (A)	Oral trash; Food poisoning	Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle	Rutaceae	-	Fruit	Tree	Oral	A1
113	Tselto (M)	Stomach ache, common cold	Ruta chalepensis L. var.tenuifolia D'Urville	Rutaceae	-	Leaves with succulent stem	Herb	Oral	M, A1.A2
114	Gedai (M)	Common cold	Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl.	Rutaceae	31	Seed	Tree	Oral	M
115	Wulchi (M)	Scorpion bite	Anemia schimperiana Presl.	Schizaeaceae	290	Leaves	Herb	Oral	M
116	Mitmita (A)	Malaria	Capsicum annuum L.	Solanaceae	-	Fruit	Herb	Oral	A1
117	Guni deshe (A)	Snake bite	Datura metel L.	Solanaceae	103	Whole	Herb	Oral/topical	A1
118	Atsefaris (M)	Toothache	Datura stramonium L.	Solanaceae		Leaf bud	Shrub	Topical	M
119	Ara Deshe (A)	Liver disease	Discopodium penninervium Hochst.	Solanaceae	339	Leaves	Tree	Inhale	A2
120	Tumbaho (M)	Leeches	Nicotiana tabacum L.	Solanaceae	-	Leaves	Herb	Topical/ Oral	A1,A2
121	Achi Kolpo (M), Garenti (A)	Amoebiasis, Stomach ache, Evil eye	Solanum dasyphyllum Schumach.	Solanaceae	9,94	Root	Herb	Oral	M,A1,A2
122	Kotse Garenti (A) Bulabulo(M)	Ascariasis, stomach ache	Solanum incanum L.	Solanaceae	94	Root	Herb	Oral	M
123	Muto (M)	Cold	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal	Solanaceae	176, 208	Root	Herb	Oral	M
124	Azi deshe/masna (A)	Swelling	Veronica abyssinica Fres.	Scrophulariaceae	316, 334	Leaves	Herb	Topical	A2
125	Enaro (M)	Headache, Vomiting	Lantana camara L.	Verbenaceae	169	Leaves	Shrub	Oral	M
126	Dolo amede (M)	Headache	Lantana trifolia L.	Verbenaceae	190	Leaves	Shrub	Oral	M
127	Atuch	Stomach ache	Verbena officinalis subsp. africana R.Fernandes & Verdc.	Verbenaceae	268	Leaves	Herb	Oral	A2
128	Kuze (M)	Ascariasis, Food poisoning ,Vomiting	Balanites rotundifolia (van Tieghem) Blatter	Zygophyllaceae	41	Leaves	Tree	Oral	M

Study sites: M= Maale, A1= Ari 1and A2= Ari 2 ; Plant names are checked based on http://www.theplantlist.org.