Table 1.
Patient characteristics and pathogens
| Parameters | Total (n = 956) | Died within 60 days (n = 259, 27%)* | Alive on day 60 (n = 697, 73%) | P- value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Variables at admission |
|
|
|
|
| Male, n (%) |
633 (66.2) |
190 (73.4) |
443 (63.6) |
0.004 |
| Age, years (median [IQR]) |
62 [46; 76] |
72 [58; 80] |
58 [42; 73] |
<0.0001 |
|
Scores, median [IQR] |
|
|
|
|
| SAPSII |
43.5 [31; 59] |
60 [43; 74] |
39 [27; 53] |
<0.0001 |
| SOFA score |
6 [4; 9] |
9 [6; 12] |
5 [3; 8] |
<0.0001 |
| LOD score |
5 [2; 7] |
7 [4; 10] |
4 [2; 6] |
<0.0001 |
| Coma Glasgow Scale |
13 [5; 15] |
7 [3; 15] |
14 [7; 15] |
<0.0001 |
|
McCabe, n (%) |
|
|
|
<0.0001 |
| 1 |
684 (71.7) |
140 (54.1) |
544 (78.3) |
|
| 2 |
235 (24.6) |
98 (37.8) |
137 (19.7) |
|
| 3 |
35 (3.7) |
21 (8.1) |
14 (2.0) |
|
|
CURB-65, n (%) |
|
|
|
<0.0001 |
| 0 |
13 (1.4) |
0 (0) |
13 (1.9) |
|
| 1 |
62 (6.5) |
4(1.6) |
58 (8.3) |
|
| 2 |
176 (18.4) |
22 (8.5) |
154 (22.1) |
|
| 3 |
292 (30.6) |
65 (25.2) |
227 (32.6) |
|
| 4 |
252 (26.4) |
90 (34.9) |
162 (23.2) |
|
| 5 |
160 (16.8) |
77 (29.8) |
83 (11.9) |
|
|
Co-morbidities (Knaus definitions), n (%) | ||||
| Chronic hepatic failure |
43 (4.5) |
22 (8.5) |
21 (3.0) |
0.0003 |
| Chronic heart failure |
107 (11.2) |
38 (14.7) |
69 (9.9) |
0.04 |
| Chronic respiratory failure |
167 (17.5) |
55 (21.2) |
112 (16.1) |
0.06 |
| Chronic renal failure |
19 (2.0) |
7 (2.7) |
12 (1.7) |
0.33 |
| Diabetes |
123 (12.9) |
40 (15.4) |
83 (11.9) |
0.15 |
| ≥ One co-morbidity |
352 (36.8) |
124 (47.9) |
228 (32.7) |
<0.0001 |
| Smokers ( >20 pack-year), n (%) |
243 (30.6) |
57 (26.6) |
186 (32.1) |
0.14 |
| Alcohol ( >80 g/day), n (%) |
189 (23.8) |
44 (20.6) |
145 (25.0) |
0.19 |
| Sepsis, n (%) |
928 (97.1) |
252(97.3) |
676 (97.0) |
0.80 |
| Severe sepsis, n (%) |
828 (86.6) |
235 (90.7) |
593 (85.1) |
0.02 |
| Septic shock, n (%) |
325 (34.0) |
132 (51.0) |
193 (27.7) |
<0.0001 |
|
Treatments, n (%) unless otherwise stated | ||||
| Invasive ventilation |
604 (63.3) |
207 (79.9) |
397 (57.0) |
<0.0001 |
| Noninvasive ventilation |
107 (11.2) |
25 (9.7) |
82 (11.8) |
0.36 |
| Inotropes or vasoactive agents |
422 (44.1) |
167 (64.5) |
255 (36.6) |
<0.0001 |
| Corticosteroids |
182 (19.0) |
66 (25.5) |
116 (16.6) |
0.002 |
| Hemodialysis/hemofiltration |
63 (6.6) |
33 (12.7) |
30 (4.3) |
<0.0001 |
| Antibiotic therapy duration in days (median [IQR]) |
7 [4; 13] |
8 [3; 15] |
7 [4; 13] |
0.69 |
|
Organisms, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae |
202 (21.1) |
52 (20.1) |
150 (21.5) |
0.63 |
|
Staphylococcus aureus |
104 (10.9) |
31(12.0) |
73 (10.5) |
0.51 |
|
Streptococcus spp. |
36 (3.8) |
12 (4.6) |
24 (3.4) |
0.39 |
|
Enterocococcus spp. |
3 (0.3) |
0 |
3 (0.4) |
0.29 |
|
Hemophilus influenzae |
97 (10.1) |
25 (9.7) |
72 (10.3) |
0.76 |
|
Escherichia coli |
34 (3.6) |
16 (6.2) |
18 (2.6) |
0.008 |
|
Enterobacter spp. |
13 (1.4) |
6 (2.3) |
7 (1.0) |
0.12 |
|
Klebsiella pneumoniae |
28 (2.9) |
13 (5.0) |
15 (2.2) |
0.02 |
|
Serratia marescens |
4 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
4 (0.6) |
0.22 |
|
Proteus mirabilis |
9 (0.9) |
5 (1.9) |
4 (0.6) |
0.05 |
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
29 (3.0) |
16 (6.2) |
13 (1.9) |
0.0005 |
|
Legionella pneumophila |
25 (2.6) |
4 (1.5) |
21 (3.0) |
0.21 |
|
Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
1 (0.1) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.1) |
0.54 |
|
Chlamydia pneumoniae |
2 (0.2) |
1 (0.4) |
1 (0.1) |
0.47 |
|
Aspergillus fugimatus |
3 (0.3) |
2 (0.8) |
1 (0.1) |
0.12 |
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
14 (1.5) |
3 (1.2) |
11 (1.6) |
0.63 |
| Viruses |
24 (2.5) |
3 (1.2) |
21 (3.0) |
0.10 |
| Other |
14 (1.5) |
4 (1.5) |
10 (1.4) |
0.90 |
| Multiple organisms |
92 (9.6) |
29 (11.2) |
63 (9.0) |
0.31 |
| None identified |
418 (43.7) |
99 (38.2) |
319 (45.8) |
0.04 |
| Bacteremia |
121 (12.7) |
45 (17.4) |
76 (10.9) |
0.008 |
|
Acquisition of MDR pathogen or nosocomial pneumonia, n (%) | ||||
| MDR bacteria |
105 (11.0) |
34 (13.1) |
71(10.2) |
0.19 |
| MRSA |
25 (2.6) |
9 (3.5) |
16 (2.3) |
0.31 |
|
Enterobacteriaceae ESBL |
38 (4.0) |
15 (5.8) |
23 (3.3) |
0.08 |
| Nonfermentative GNB |
56 (5.9) |
16 (6.2) |
40 (5.7) |
0.80 |
|
Clostridium difficile |
9 (0.9) |
2 (0.8) |
7 (1.0) |
0.74 |
| Nosocomial pneumonia |
127 (13.3) |
48 (18.5) |
79 (11.3) |
0.004 |
| ICU stay in days, median [IQR] |
7 [3; 15] |
8 [3; 17] |
6 [3; 14] |
0.45 |
| Hospital stay in days, median [IQR] | 16 [8; 31] | 10 [4; 22] | 18 [10; 38] | <0.0001 |
*273 (28.6) patients died in all, including 259 (27.1%) within 60 days and 54 (5.6%) within 48 h of ICU admission.
ESBL, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; GNB, Gram-negative bacilli, Nonfermentative GNB (Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia); IQR, interquartile range; LOD, Logistic Organ Dysfunction Score; MDR, multidrug resistant; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.