Table 3.
Comparison between survivors and non-survivors among patients who underwent veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO).
| Variables | Survivors (n = 66) |
Non-survivors (n = 39) |
OR, CI 95% | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 48 (42-58) | 55 (44-62.5) | 1.03 (1.00-1.06) | 0.072 |
| Male | 52 (79%) | 30 (77%) | 0.90 (0.35-2.32) | 0.823 |
| APACHE II score (n = 102) | 20 (15-25) | 23.5 (17.8-28) | 1.04 (0.99-1.10) | 0.082 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Chronic cardiac failure | 39 (59%) | 21 (54%) | 0.81 (0.36-1.79) | 0.6 |
| Chronic respiratory failure | 6 (9%) | 3 (8%) | 0.83 (0.20-3.54) | 0.805 |
| Immunosuppression | 33 (50%) | 19 (49%) | 0.95 (0.43-2.10) | 0.899 |
| ECMO initiated in another hospital | 11 (17%) | 8 (21%) | 1.29 (0.47-3.55) | 0.621 |
| Events before ECMO | ||||
| Pre-ECMO ICU days | 0 (0-1) | 0 (0-2.5) | 1.07 (0.97-1.18) | 0.165 |
| Pre-MV ICU days | 0 (0.0.75) | 0 (0-1) | 1.13 (0.97-1.31) | 0.111 |
| Cardiac arrest before ECMO | 12 (18%) | 12 (31%) | 2.00 (0.79-5.04) | 0.141 |
| Subtype of VA ECMO | 2.40 (1.03-5.60) | 0.044 | ||
| VA central (n = 43) | 32/43(74%) | 11/43 (25.5%) | ||
| VA peripheral (n = 62) | 34/62 (55%) | 28/62 (45%) | ||
| Post-operative ECMO | 36 (56%) | 18 (46%) | 0.71 (0.32-1.58) | 0.406 |
| Severity at ECMO initiation | ||||
| SOFA score before ECMO (n = 90) | 11 (10-13) | 12 (11-14) | 1.12 (0.97-1.29) | 0.133 |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio before ECMO (n = 79) | 297 (111-355) | 279 (140-380) | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | 0.955 |
| Plasma lactate day 0 (n = 82) (mmol/l) | 5.9 (3-8.4) | 8.8 (3.6-13.1) | 1.13 (1.02-1.25) | 0.014 |
| Other organ support | ||||
| RRT | 34 (51%) | 27 (69%) | 2.12 (0.92-4.88) | 0.078 |
| Inotropes/vasopressors | 60 (91%) | 37 (95%) | 1.85 (0.35-9.65) | 0.465 |
| Days on ECMO | 7 (6-10) | 8 (3.5-13) | 1.05 (0.98-1.13) | 0.197 |
| ECMO complications | ||||
| Neurologic complications | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.6%) | - | - |
| Bloodstream infections | 7 (11%) | 7 (17.9%) | 2.18 (0.72-6.56) | 0.290 |
| Bleeding plus surgery | 20 (30%) | 14 (36%) | 1.29 (0.5- 2.98) | 0.554 |
| Number of RBC units | ||||
| Total | 12 (7-20) | 15 (7-34) | 1.04 (1.01-1.07) | 0.008 |
| Per day on ECMO at the Alfred | 2 (0.9-3.1) | 2.3 (1.5-4) | 1.11 (0.97-1.26) | 0.115 |
| Platelets (bag, 350 ml) | 3 (1-6.25) | 5 (0-12) | 1.08 (1.01-1.15) | 0.021 |
| FFP (bag, 300 ml) | 3.5 (0-8) | 9 (2-15.5) | 1.11 (1.04-1.18) | 0.001 |
| Cryoprecipitate (bag, 150 ml) | 0 (0-2) | 1 (0-3) | 1.34 (1.05-1.71) | 0.018 |
| Vascular complications | 4 (6%) | 4 (10%) | 1.77 (0.42-7.53) | 0.438 |
Data presented as n (%) categorical variables and median (interquartile range) for non-parametric variables. APACHE II, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; MV, mechanical ventilation; PaO2/FiO2, arterial partial pressure of oxygen to inspired oxygen fraction ratio; RRT, renal replacement therapy; RBC, red blood cells; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; ICU, intensive care unit; FFP, fresh frozen plasma.