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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2014 Apr 19;10(6):713–727. doi: 10.1586/1744666X.2014.909730

Figure 2. A microbial infection triggers a systemic inflammatory response mediated by HMGB1 secreted by immunologically activated innate immune cells and pathologically damaged cells.

Figure 2

Microbial invasion leads to the libration of PAMPs, which trigger active HMGB1 secretion and passive release. Extracellular HMGB1 then amplifies the rigorous inflammatory responses by facilitating leukocyte recruitment and activation, resulting in cytokine storm and organ dysfunction. Note the immunological activities are modulated by the redox status in a divergent fashion.