Table 1.

Measures to spare patient blood

Phlebotomy losses	Coagulation management	Further approaches
• Quantify sampling volume and frequency	• Maintain optimal hemostatic conditions (pH, Ca2+, and temperature)	• Non-invasive monitoring
• Critically assess parameters ordered	• Algorithm-based hemotherapy	• Citrate-anticoagulated dialysis
• Microchemistry techniques, possibly pediatric vials		• Cell salvage
• Point-of-care bedside tests		• Education and checklists
• In-line blood sampling devices