Table 1.
Eosinophil-surface proteins potentially reporting cell activation.
| Protein | Obervation | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| CD4 | Upregulated by GM-CSF or IL-3 | [135] |
| CD9 | Upregulated during allergy season | [170] |
| CD35 (CR1) | Upregulated by fMLF, downregulated in BAL | [171, 210] |
| CD44 | Upregulated by IL-5, after segmental antigen challenge, in BAL, or in sputum, higher in well-controlled than poorly controlled asthma | [103, 106, 110, 124] |
| CD45RO | Upregulated in mild-moderate asthma | [125] |
| CD48 | Upregulated by IL-3 or in asthma | [199] |
| CD58 | Upregulated in BAL | [118] |
| CD63 (LAMP-3) | Upregulated by IFN-γ or in BAL | [118, 211] |
| CD66e (CEACAM5) | Upregulated after segmental antigen challenge or in BAL | [110] |
| CD67 | Upregulated by PAF+fMLF or in BAL | [116, 118] |
| CD69 | Upregulated by IL-5, GM-CSF, IL-3, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-13, TNF-α, or IL-17; after whole-lung antigen challenge; or in BAL | [65, 101–111] |
| CD81 | Upregulated by IL-5, GM-CSF or IL-3 | [65] |
| αL integrin (CD11a) | Upregulated in asthma or after segmental antigen challenge, decreased by anti-IL-5 after segmental antigen challenge | [100, 161] |
| αM integrin (CD11b) | Upregulated by IL-3, GM-CSF, IL-5, eotaxin-1, fMLF, PAF, RANTES, C5a, TNF-α, IL-33, or ATP; during allergy season; after segmental antigen challenge; on cells with platelet satellitism after whole-lung antigen challenge; in BAL; or in sputum; decreased by anti-IL-5 after segmental antigen challenge | [63, 68, 100, 101, 112, 113, 117–120, 123, 151, 160, 162–171] |
| αX integrin (CD11c) | Upregulated in BAL or in sputum | [118, 120] |
| αD integrin | Upregulated by IL-5 or in BAL | [63, 66, 100, 172] |
| β2 integrin (CD18) | Upregulated by IL-5, GM-CSF, IL-3, eotaxin-1 or TSLP; after segmental antigen challenge; on cells with platelet satellitism in AERD; in BAL; decreased by anti-IL-5 after segmental antigen challenge | [63, 68, 100, 114, 123, 149, 163] |
| Aminopeptidase N (CD13) | Upregulated by IL-3, IL-5, or GM-CSF, or in BAL | [212] |
| FcαRI (CD89) | Upregulated in asthma or allergy | [141] |
| FcεRII (CD23) | Upregulated by IL-5, GM-CSF or IL-3 | [65] |
| FcγRI (CD64) | Upregulated by IFN-γ | [142] |
| FcγRII (CD32) | Upregulated by IFN-γ or IL-3 | [142, 143] |
| FcγRIII (CD16) | Upregulated by C5a, fMLF, PAF, or IFN-γ; in allergy or allergic asthma; or after whole-lung antigen challenge | [141, 142, 144, 145] |
| Galectin-3 | Upregulated in allergy | [200] |
| HLA-DR | Upregulated by IFN-γ, GM-CSF, or IL-4; in BAL; or in sputum | [118, 120, 122, 171, 213] |
| ICAM-1 (CD54) | Upregulated by IL-3, GM-CSF, IL-5, IFN-γ, or TSLP; in BAL; or in sputum | [114, 118, 120–123] |
| IL-2Rα (CD25) | Upregulated by GM-CSF or IL-3, or in BAL, downregulated by IFN-γ | [110, 134, 135] |
| IL-3Rα (CD123) | Upregulated by IL-3, IL-5, or GM-CSF, after segmental antigen challenge, or in BAL | [108, 110, 136] |
| IL-5Rα (CD125) | Downregulated by IL-5, GM-CSF, or IL-3, or in BAL; increased by anti-IL-5 | [107, 108, 136–138] |
| IL-13Rα1 (CD213a1) | Upregulated by TGF-β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, or GM-CSF; downregulated by IL-13 or IL-4 | [139] |
| IL-17RA (subunit of IL-25R) | Upregulated in mild allergic asthma | [140] |
| IL-17RB (subunit of IL-25R) | Upregulated in mild allergic asthma | [140] |
| L-selectin (CD62L) | Downregulated by IL-5, PAF, fMLF, or TSLP; in BAL; or in sputum | [112–119] |
| Neuropeptide S receptor | Upregulated in severe asthma | [203] |
| PSGL-1 (CD162) | Downregulated by PAF, upregulated after segmental antigen challenge, decreased transiently after whole-lung antigen challenge, decreased by anti-IL-5 after segmental antigen challenge | [100, 130, 131] |
| Semaphorin 7A (CD108) | Upregulated by IL-3, GM-SCF, or IL-5; or in BAL | [136] |
| TSLP receptor | Upregulated by TNF-α and IL-3 | [214] |
| Activated αM integrin (CD11b) | High-activity state induced by IL-5, RANTES, MCP-3, or C5a; or in BAL | [66, 68, 100, 160, 197, 198] |
| Activated β1 integrin (CD29) | Intermediate-activity state induced by P-selectin, in non-severe but not severe asthma, or after segmental antigen challenge in dual responders; correlates with eosinophil-bound or platelet-surface P-selectin; increased on cells with high level of surface-associated P-selectin; decreased on cells non-adherent to VCAM-1 or transiently after whole-lung antigen challenge | [63, 64, 130] |
| High-activity state in BAL | [100] | |
| Activated β2 integrin (CD18) | Intermediate-activity state decreased by anti-IL-5 | [100] |
| High-activity state induced by IL-5 or in BAL | [63, 64, 68, 100] | |
| Activated FcγRII (CD32) | Activated state induced by IL-5, GM-CSF, or fMLF; in mild asthma; after whole-lung antigen challenge in dual responders; or in BAL | [112, 146] |
Observations refer to cell-surface expression level, usually determined by flow cytometry, and are, if not indicated otherwise, on blood eosinophils.
AERD, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; C, complement (factor); CEACAM, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule; Fc, fragment, crystallizable (of immunoglobulin); fMLF, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; LAMP, lysosomal-associated membrane protein; MCP, monocyte chemotactic protein; PAF, platelet activating factor; PSGL, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand; R, receptor; RANTES, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule.