Table 2.
Predictors of endotracheal intubation in patients receiving NIV for non-hypercapnic AHRF
| NIV Success N = 52 | NIV Failure N = 61 | Univariate HR [95% CI]; P -value | Cox regression aHR [95% CI]; P -value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years |
58.0 (± 17.1) |
62.6 (± 14.4) |
1.47 [0.99 to 1.02]; P = 0.142 |
- |
| Male sex, n (%) |
36 (69%) |
39 (64%) |
0.85 [0.51 to 1.44]; P = 0.551 |
- |
| SAPS II |
31.4 (± 10.9) |
46.3 (± 18.2) |
1.05 [1.03 to 1.06]; P <0.001 |
Not included |
| Immunosuppression/cancer, n (%) |
20 (38%) |
30 (49%) |
1.30 [0.79 to 2.16]; P = 0.169 |
- |
| Cancer, n (%) |
0 (0%) |
8 (13%) |
4.36 [2.01 to 9.44]; P <0.001 |
2.74 [1.22 to 6.15]; P = 0.014 |
|
At Admission before VNI
|
|
|
|
|
| Sepsis, n (%) |
37 (71%) |
43 (70%) |
0.97 [0.56 to 1.68]; P = 0.913 |
- |
| Glasgow coma score |
14.9 (± 0.5) |
14.6 (± 1.2) |
0.84 [0.69 to 1.03]; P = 0.098 |
0.77 [0.63 to 0.96]; P = 0.018 |
| Respiratory Rate, breaths/minute |
32.7 (± 7.0) |
33.3 (± 6.6) |
1.01 [0.97 to 1.05]; P = 0.517 |
- |
| pH |
7.44 (± 0.06) |
7.44 (± 0.08) |
2.16 [0.05 to 89.3]; P = 0.685 |
- |
| PaO2, mm Hg |
78.7 (± 43.0) |
84.1 (± 53.2) |
1.00 [0.99 to 1.01]; P = 0.442 |
- |
| PaCO2, mm Hg |
34.8 (± 5.6) |
35.3 (± 6.0) |
1.01 [0.97 to 1.06]; P = 0.669 |
- |
| Bicarbonates, mmol/L |
24.4 (± 4.8) |
25.5 (± 5.0) |
1.01 [0.96 to 1.06]; P = 0.547 |
- |
| Lactates, mmol/L |
2.0 (± 1.8) |
1.9 (± 1.2) |
1.00 [0.85 to 1.18]; P = 0.940 |
- |
| Heart rate, beats/minute |
114 (± 27) |
110 (± 25) |
0.99 [0.98 to 1.01]; P = 0.467 |
- |
| Shock, n (%) |
4 (8%) |
14 (23%) |
2.08 [1.14 to 3.79]; P = 0.017 |
1.89 [1.01 to 3.53]; P = 0.047 |
| Systolic arterial pressure, mmHg |
134 (± 27) |
124 (± 24) |
0.99 [0.98 to 1.00]; P = 0.055 |
Not included |
|
At NIV initiation
|
|
|
|
|
| Altered consciousness, n (%) |
3 (6%) |
8 (13%) |
1.71 [0.81 to 3.59]; P = 0.158 |
- |
| pH |
7.43 (± 0.06) |
7.41 (± 0.10) |
0.12 [0.00 to 4.31]; P = 0.244 |
- |
| PCO2, mm Hg |
36.6 (± 6.7) |
37.5 (± 7.5) |
1.02 [0.98 to 1.05]; P = 0.327 |
- |
| PaO2/FiO2, mm Hg |
211 (± 86) |
163 (± 92) |
0.99 [0.99 to 0.99]; P = 0.003 |
Not included |
| Moderate or severe ARDS, n (%) |
21 (40%) |
45 (74%) |
2.79 [1.57 to 4.95]; P < 0.001 |
2.57 [1.33 to 4.75]; P = 0.003 |
| PaO2/FiO2 <150 mm Hg, n (%) |
12 (23%) |
37 (61%) |
2.97 [1.77 to 4.99]; P < 0.001 |
Not included |
| PEEP level, cm H2O |
4.8 (± 1.0) |
4.4 (± 1.3) |
0.77 [0.62 to 0.94]; P = 0.011 |
0.71 [0.57 to 0.88]; 0.002 |
| PS level, cm H2O |
8.1 (± 2.2) |
8.0 (± 1.9) |
0.98 [0.86 to 1.13]; P = 0.915 |
- |
| Tidal volume, ml |
576 (± 144) |
619 (± 196) |
1.00 [0.99 to 1.00]; P = 0.157 |
- |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/minute |
32.7 (± 12.9) |
33.9 (± 9.0) |
1.01 [0.98 to 1.03]; P = 0.601 |
- |
| Important leaks, n (%) |
2/43 (5%) |
3/48 (6%) |
1.39 [0.43 to 4.48]; P = 0.720 |
- |
| Poor tolerance, n (%) | 3/43 (7%) | 9/48 (19%) | 2.08 [1.00 to 4.30]; P = 0.049 | 1.97 [0.89 to 4.30]; P = 0.09 |
Values are given as mean (± standard deviation) or proportion (%).
AHRF, Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure; ARDS, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; CI, 95% Confidence Interval HR; Hazard Ratio (aHR, adjusted HR); NIV, Non-Invasive Ventilation; PEEP, Positive End-Expiratory Pressure; PS, Pressure Support; SAPS II, Simplified Acute Physiology Score; VT, Tidal Volume.