Table 1.
Comparison of survivors and non-survivors after ECMO
| Non-survivors (n = 117) | Survival to discharge (n = 187) | P -value | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Baseline clinical characteristics |
|
|
|
| Age (years) |
54 (50 to 57) |
46 (43 to 48) |
<0.001 |
| Immunocompromised statea |
37 (31.6%) |
26 (13.9%) |
<0.001 |
| Sequential organ failure assessment score |
13 (12 to 14) |
11 (11 to 12) |
0.001 |
| Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration pre-ECMO |
45 (38.5%) |
36 (19.3%) |
<0.001 |
| Classification of acute lung injuryb |
|
|
0.022 |
| - Group 1: Pulmonary |
56 (47.9%) |
107 (57.2%) |
|
| - Group 2: Extra-pulmonary |
36 (30.8%) |
36 (19.3%) |
|
| - Group 3: Trauma |
10 (8.6%) |
29 (15.5%) |
|
| - Group 4: Others |
15 (12.8%) |
15 (8.0%) |
|
| Pre-ECMO duration (days) of |
|
|
|
| - Hospitalization |
10 (8 to 12) |
5 (4 to 7) |
0.023 |
| - Mechanical ventilation |
5 (3 to 7) |
2 (2 to 3) |
0.013 |
|
Baseline cardiorespiratory parameters | |||
| Minute ventilation (L/minute) |
11.2 (10.6 to 12.0) |
10.4 (10.0 to 10.9) |
0.038 |
|
Baseline laboratory parameters | |||
| Lactate (mmol/L) |
38 (30 to 47) |
23 (20 to 27) |
0.002 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) |
510 (446 to 608) |
452 (408 to 499) |
0.076 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) |
1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) |
0.9 (0.8 to 1.1) |
0.060 |
| ASAT (U/L) |
122 (96 to 159) |
78 (65 to 96) |
0.005 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) |
9.8 (9.4 to 10.3) |
10.9 (10.5 to 11.3) |
<0.001 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) |
11 (9 to 14) |
8 (7 to 10) |
0.022 |
|
Procedural characteristics of ECMO treatment | |||
| Transport-ECMO (no/yes) |
34 (29.1%) |
99 (52.9%) |
<0.001 |
| Red cell transfusions (about 320 mL) per patient |
8 (6 to 9) |
3 (3 to 4) |
<0.001 |
| Plasma transfusions (about 250 mL) per patient |
3 (2 to 5) |
0 (0 to 1) |
0.001 |
| Platelet transfusions (about 270 mL) per patient |
1 (0 to 1) |
0 (0 to 0) |
<0.001 |
|
Laboratory and cardiorespiratory status after one day on ECMO | |||
| Minute ventilation (L/minute) |
5 (5 to 6) |
4 (4 to 5) |
0.011 |
| Tidal volume (mL) |
305 (278 to 332) |
278 (262 to 294) |
0.097 |
| Norepinephrine infusion (μg/minute/kg) |
0.18 (0.13 to 0.25) |
0.12 (0.09 to 0.14) |
0.041 |
| Blood gas analysis |
|
|
|
| - FiO2 (%) |
65 (60 to 68) |
55 (52 to 58) |
<0.001 |
| - PaO2/FiO2 (mmHg) |
122 (112 to 133) |
146 (137 to 155) |
<0.001 |
| Laboratory parameters |
|
|
|
| - Lactate (mmol/L) |
36 (27 to 47) |
24 (21 to 28) |
0.002 |
| - C-reactive protein (mg/L) |
162 (143 to 180) |
214 (196 to 231) |
<0.001 |
| - Bilirubin (mg/dL) |
1.9 (1.5 to 2.3) |
1.1 (1.0 to 1.3) |
0.015 |
| - Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) |
584 (502 to 717) |
511 (462 to 573) |
0.054 |
| - International normalized ratio | 1.38 (1.32 to 1.48) | 1.27 (1.24 to 1.31) | 0.002 |
Continuous variables are shown as median (95% confidence interval), categorical variables as n (%). Differences for survivors and non-survivors are shown for P <0.1. A wider comparison can be seen in Additional file 4. aImmunocompromised state included hematological malignancies, solid tumors, solid organ transplantation, high-dose or long-term corticosteroid or other immunosuppressive therapy, or human immunodeficiency virus infection. bGroup 1: primary lung failure, including bacterial, viral, fungal or aspiration pneumonia; Group 2: extra-pulmonary sepsis with secondary lung injury; Group 3: multiple trauma with ARDS; Group 4: other pathologies, including near drowning, chronic lung diseases, such as lung fibrosis and lung transplantation. ASAT, aspartate aminotransferase; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; FiO2,fraction of inspired oxygen; PaO2/FiO2, ratio of partial arterial oxygen pressure/fraction of inspired oxygen; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.