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. 2014 Jun 6;8:719–733. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S58178

Table 1.

Acute toxicity test for boldine in Sprague-Dawley rats. Effects of boldine on (A) kidney function, (B) liver function, and (C) hematological parameters in rats. Boldine and vehicle were administered intraperitoneally to the animals for 14 days. Mortality or any onset of clinical or toxicological symptoms was recorded during the study period. On day 15, blood was drawn from these animals to determine the hematological and serum biochemical parameters according to the OECD.

A
Animal groups Kidney function tests
Sodium
(mM/L)
Potassium
(mM/L)
Chloride
(mM/L)
CO2
(mM/L)
Anion
(mM/L)
Urea
(mM/L)
Creatinine
(μM/L)
Control 139.74±2.07 5.37±0.37 101.45±2.11 22.59±0.18 18.97±0.28 5.17±0.13 45.37±2.01
50 mg/kg/day 140.92±1.68 5.16±0.52 101.18±1.35 23.01±0.37 20.28±0.41 5.02±0.29 42.61 ±1.29
100 mg/kg/day 137.58±2.21 5.24±0.19 99.76± 1.61 20.14±0.25 19.82±0.17 4.93±0.34 41.59± 1.72
B
Animal groups Liver function tests
Total protein (g/L) Albumin (g/L) Globulin (g/L) Total bilirubin μM/L) Conjugated bilirubin (μM/L) Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) Alanine transaminase (IU/L) Aspartate transaminase (IU/L) GGT (IU/L)
Control 72.15± 1.28 12.62±0.24 58.42±1.04 2.21±0.130.9 0.94±0.23 136.12±3.18 52.71 ± 1.63 156.34±3.78 4.82±0.18
50 mg/kg/day 71.38±1.54 12.17±0.32 57.91±0.83 2.09±0.08 0.87±0.17 137.25±1.54 52.49±2.44 154.91 ±3.24 4.26±0.25
100 mg/kg/day 70.46± 1.03 12.35±0.18 59.13±1.17 1.98±0.11 0.91±0.14 136.01 ±2.78 53.27±2.06 155.48±1.96 4.73±0.22
C
Animal groups Hematological analysis
HGB HCT RBC MCV MCH MCHC RDW WBC Platelet
Control 157.24±3.14 0.64±0.01 8.73±0.35 64.71 ±1.89 18.23±0.37 307.56±4.81 17.43±0.94 8.61 ±1.14 862.94±27.45
50 mg/kg/day 155.61 ±2.75 0.61 ±0.02 8.89±0.26 65.19±1.42 17.95±0.84 329.34±5.12 18.79±1.03 9.16±0.96 881.35±34.92
100 mg/kg/day 154.94±2.88 0.63±0.01 9.01 ±0.31 65.82± 1.57 18.41 ±0.62 319.67±3.86 19.11±0.82 8.93± 1.05 913.58±29.65

Notes: (A) Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. There are no significant differences between groups. (B) Values expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. There are no significant differences between groups. (C) Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. There are no significant differences between groups.

Abbreviations: GGT, gamma glutamyl transferase; HGB, hemoglobin; HCT, hematocrit; RBC, red cell count; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW, red cell distribution width; WBC, white blood cells; OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.