Table 1.
Acute toxicity test for boldine in Sprague-Dawley rats. Effects of boldine on (A) kidney function, (B) liver function, and (C) hematological parameters in rats. Boldine and vehicle were administered intraperitoneally to the animals for 14 days. Mortality or any onset of clinical or toxicological symptoms was recorded during the study period. On day 15, blood was drawn from these animals to determine the hematological and serum biochemical parameters according to the OECD.
| A
| |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal groups | Kidney function tests
|
||||||
| Sodium (mM/L) |
Potassium (mM/L) |
Chloride (mM/L) |
CO2 (mM/L) |
Anion (mM/L) |
Urea (mM/L) |
Creatinine (μM/L) |
|
| Control | 139.74±2.07 | 5.37±0.37 | 101.45±2.11 | 22.59±0.18 | 18.97±0.28 | 5.17±0.13 | 45.37±2.01 |
| 50 mg/kg/day | 140.92±1.68 | 5.16±0.52 | 101.18±1.35 | 23.01±0.37 | 20.28±0.41 | 5.02±0.29 | 42.61 ±1.29 |
| 100 mg/kg/day | 137.58±2.21 | 5.24±0.19 | 99.76± 1.61 | 20.14±0.25 | 19.82±0.17 | 4.93±0.34 | 41.59± 1.72 |
| B
| |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal groups | Liver function tests
|
||||||||
| Total protein (g/L) | Albumin (g/L) | Globulin (g/L) | Total bilirubin μM/L) | Conjugated bilirubin (μM/L) | Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) | Alanine transaminase (IU/L) | Aspartate transaminase (IU/L) | GGT (IU/L) | |
| Control | 72.15± 1.28 | 12.62±0.24 | 58.42±1.04 | 2.21±0.130.9 | 0.94±0.23 | 136.12±3.18 | 52.71 ± 1.63 | 156.34±3.78 | 4.82±0.18 |
| 50 mg/kg/day | 71.38±1.54 | 12.17±0.32 | 57.91±0.83 | 2.09±0.08 | 0.87±0.17 | 137.25±1.54 | 52.49±2.44 | 154.91 ±3.24 | 4.26±0.25 |
| 100 mg/kg/day | 70.46± 1.03 | 12.35±0.18 | 59.13±1.17 | 1.98±0.11 | 0.91±0.14 | 136.01 ±2.78 | 53.27±2.06 | 155.48±1.96 | 4.73±0.22 |
| C
| |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal groups | Hematological analysis
|
||||||||
| HGB | HCT | RBC | MCV | MCH | MCHC | RDW | WBC | Platelet | |
| Control | 157.24±3.14 | 0.64±0.01 | 8.73±0.35 | 64.71 ±1.89 | 18.23±0.37 | 307.56±4.81 | 17.43±0.94 | 8.61 ±1.14 | 862.94±27.45 |
| 50 mg/kg/day | 155.61 ±2.75 | 0.61 ±0.02 | 8.89±0.26 | 65.19±1.42 | 17.95±0.84 | 329.34±5.12 | 18.79±1.03 | 9.16±0.96 | 881.35±34.92 |
| 100 mg/kg/day | 154.94±2.88 | 0.63±0.01 | 9.01 ±0.31 | 65.82± 1.57 | 18.41 ±0.62 | 319.67±3.86 | 19.11±0.82 | 8.93± 1.05 | 913.58±29.65 |
Notes: (A) Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. There are no significant differences between groups. (B) Values expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. There are no significant differences between groups. (C) Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. There are no significant differences between groups.
Abbreviations: GGT, gamma glutamyl transferase; HGB, hemoglobin; HCT, hematocrit; RBC, red cell count; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW, red cell distribution width; WBC, white blood cells; OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.