Figure 5.

Inhibition of phenformin (1) and compounds 2, 7, and 12 on VEGF-A secretion in HT29 human colorectal cancer cells, induced by hypoxia or glucose deprivation.

Notes: In ELISA of VEGF-A secretion, HT29 cells were treated with compounds for 24 hours in normal medium at 20% O₂ (normal), 1% O₂ (hypoxia), or in glucose-free medium. Data are the mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. The differences between each control and the compound-treated samples were statistically significant (*P<0.05, **P<0.01).

Abbreviations: ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GF, glucose-free; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; SD, standard deviation; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.