Table 2.
Characteristics of current hospitalization among metformin users and non-users (overall and after propensity- score matching)
| |
Full cohort of all ICU patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 7,404) |
Propensity score-matched cohort |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
All Metformin users |
All Metformin users (n=2,408) | Non-users (n = 4,996), | Metformin users (n = 2,192) | Non-users (n = 2,192) | |
| Metformin monotherapy users (n = 1,073) | Metformin combination therapy users (n = 1,335) | |||||
|
Diagnostic category |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pneumonia |
28 (2.6) |
45 (3.4) |
73 (3.0) |
211 (4.2) |
65 (3.0) |
89 (4.1) |
| Septicemia |
39 (3.6) |
34 (2.6) |
73 (3.0) |
182 (3.6) |
68 (3.1) |
83 (3.8) |
| Other infectious diseases |
54 (5.0) |
73 (5.5) |
127 (5.3) |
310 (6.2) |
118 (5.4) |
122 (5.6) |
| Diabetes |
11 (1.0) |
33 (2.5) |
44 (1.8) |
170 (3.4) |
42 (1.9) |
59 (2.7) |
| Endocrinology excluding diabetes |
18 (1.7) |
31 (2.3) |
49 (2.0) |
84 (1.7) |
48 (2.2) |
41 (1.9) |
| Cardiovascular diseases |
353 (32.9) |
499 (37.4) |
852 (35.4) |
1,407 (28.2) |
764 (34.9) |
723 (33.0) |
| Respiratory diseases |
75 (7.0) |
107 (8.0) |
182 (7.6) |
357 (7.2) |
164 (7.5) |
156 (7.1) |
| Gastrointestinal and liver diseases |
119 (11.1) |
129 (9.7) |
248 (10.3) |
624 (12.5) |
226 (10.3) |
230 (10.5) |
| Cancer and other neoplasms |
133 (12.4) |
129 (9.7) |
262 (10.9) |
566 (11.3) |
243 (11.1) |
256 (11.7) |
| Trauma and poisoning |
114 (10.6) |
104 (7.8) |
218 (9.1) |
415 (8.3) |
193 (8.8) |
160 (7.3) |
| Other |
129 (12.0) |
151 (11.3) |
280 (11.6) |
670 (13.4) |
261 (11.9) |
273 (12.5) |
|
ICU admission type |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medical |
391 (36.4) |
502 (37.6) |
893 (37.1) |
2,090 (41.8) |
829 (37.8) |
853 (38.9) |
| Acute, non-cardiac surgery |
288 (26.8) |
332 (24.9) |
620 (25.8) |
1,476 (29.5) |
568 (25.9) |
592 (27.0) |
| Acute, cardiac surgery |
43 (4.0) |
52 (3.9) |
95 (4.0) |
174 (3.5) |
86 (3.9) |
88 (4.0) |
| Elective, non-cardiac surgery |
164 (15.3) |
192 (14.4) |
356 (14.8) |
673 (13.5) |
324 (14.8) |
303 (13.8) |
| Elective, cardiac surgery |
187 (17.4) |
257 (19.3) |
444 (18.4) |
583 (11.7) |
385 (17.6) |
356 (16.2) |
|
Biochemical evidence of organ dysfunctiona | ||||||
|
Renal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Creatinine <110 μmol/L |
624 (58.2) |
747 (56.0) |
1,371 (56.9) |
2,340 (46.8) |
1,222 (55.8) |
1,146 (52.3) |
| Creatinine 110 to 299 μmol/L |
222 (20.7) |
310 (23.2) |
532 (22.1) |
1,408 (28.2) |
488 (22.3) |
601 (27.4) |
| Creatinine ≥300 μmol/L |
53 (4.9) |
65 (4.9) |
118 (4.9) |
379 (7.6) |
108 (4.9) |
114 (5.2) |
| Creatinine missingb |
174 (16.2) |
213 (16.0) |
387 (16.1) |
869 (17.4) |
374 (17.1) |
331 (15.1) |
|
Liver |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bilirubin <20 μmol/L |
468 (43.6) |
575 (43.1) |
1,043 (43.4) |
2,086 (41.8) |
950 (43.3) |
900 (41.1) |
| Bilirubin 20 to 101 μmol/L |
65 (6.1) |
81 (6.1) |
146 (6.1) |
446 (8.9) |
130 (5.9) |
175 (8.0) |
| Bilirubin ≥102 μmol/L |
4 (0.4) |
11 (0.8) |
15 (0.6) |
47 (0.9) |
13 (0.6) |
21 (1.0) |
| Bilirubin missingb |
536 (50.0) |
668 (50.0) |
1,204 (50.0) |
2,417 (48.4) |
1,099 (50.1) |
1,096 (50.0) |
|
Coagulation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Platelet count ≥150 ×109/L |
697 (65.0) |
888 (66.5) |
1,585 (65.8) |
2,956 (59.2) |
1,439 (65.7) |
1,334 (60.9) |
| Platelet count 50 to 149 ×109/L |
187 (17.4) |
228 (17.1) |
415 (17.2) |
938 (18.8) |
366 (16.7) |
443 (20.2) |
| Platelet count <50 ×109/L |
12 (1.1) |
10 (0.8) |
22 (0.9) |
80 (1.6) |
21 (1.0) |
30 (1.4) |
| Platelet count missingb |
177 (16.5) |
209 (15.7) |
386 (16.0) |
1,022 (20.5) |
366 (16.7) |
385 (17.6) |
|
C-reactive proteina-median mg/L (IQR) |
103 (22-282) |
112 (24-287) |
107 (23-284) |
179 (43-365) |
108 (24-284) |
157 (30-350) |
|
ICU treatments |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mechanical ventilation |
492 (45.9) |
647 (48.5) |
1,139 (47.3) |
1,962 (39.3) |
1,017 (46.4) |
957 (43.7) |
| Renal replacement therapy |
66 (6.2) |
83 (6.2) |
149 (6.2) |
319 (6.4) |
134 (6.1) |
113 (5.2) |
| Treatment with inotropes/vasopressors | 361 (33.6) | 456 (34.2) | 817 (33.9) | 1,566 (31.4) | 755 (34.4) | 715 (32.6) |
Results presented as number of patients (%) unless otherwise stated. aLaboratory data on day of ICU admission. bMissing data include both unmeasured and unavailable results.