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. 2014 May 9;15(5):8186–8215. doi: 10.3390/ijms15058186

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© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Figure 2. — Effect of PmitoK_ATP and PUCP activity in DWM on ΔΨ/ΔpH, ROS production and other transport systems under hyperosmotic stress. Under stress an increase of FFAs due to PLA₂ activity and probably of their acyl-CoA derivatives is observed, as well as an increased ROS production by respiratory chain and ATP synthesis inhibition, thus leading to PmitoK_ATP and PUCP activation. Once activated, both PmitoK_ATP and PUCP may cause ΔΨ and ΔpH decrease, which allows the prevention of further large-scale ROS production, according to a feedback mechanism. On the other side, ΔΨ and ΔpH decrease may modulate transport by impairing carriers and activating PIMAC. AAC, ADP/ATP carrier; DIC, dicarboxylate carrier; DTC, dicarboxylate-tricarboxylate carrier; PiC, Pi carrier; PIMAC, plant inner membrane anion channel; SH₂, reduced substrates; S, oxidized substrates; PLA₂, phospholipase A₂; i.m.m., inner mitochondrial membrane; i.s., intermembrane space; o.m.m., outer mitochondrial membrane. ΔpH is represented in a smaller font size since it represents a lower component of pmf with respect to ΔΨ.