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. 2014 May 9;15(5):8256–8279. doi: 10.3390/ijms15058256

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© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Figure 9. — TNF-α (pg/mL) induction in the THP-1 differentiated cells by the outer and inner membrane of L. dumoffii (a,b,c,d). Control THP-1 differentiated cells (PMA-activated): TNF-α 22.6 ± 0.60 (pg/mL); Control non-activated THP-1 cells: TNF-α 18.32 ± 0.90 (pg/mL). Data represent the mean ± S.D. of five independent experiments; #—Significantly different from the lower (10 ng/mL) membrane concentration, p ≤ 0.05; ##—Significantly different from the lower (100 ng/mL) membrane concentration, p ≤ 0.05; *—Statistically significant in comparison to bacteria cultured on the choline non-supplemented medium, p ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test). —membrane from bacteria cultured on the choline non-supplemented medium. —membrane from bacteria cultured on the choline-supplemented medium. —temperature-treated membrane from bacteria cultured on the choline non-supplemented medium. —temperature-treated membrane from bacteria cultured on the choline-supplemented medium.

Inline graphic — TNF-α (pg/mL) induction in the THP-1 differentiated cells by the outer and inner membrane of L. dumoffii (a,b,c,d). Control THP-1 differentiated cells (PMA-activated): TNF-α 22.6 ± 0.60 (pg/mL); Control non-activated THP-1 cells: TNF-α 18.32 ± 0.90 (pg/mL). Data represent the mean ± S.D. of five independent experiments; #—Significantly different from the lower (10 ng/mL) membrane concentration, p ≤ 0.05; ##—Significantly different from the lower (100 ng/mL) membrane concentration, p ≤ 0.05; *—Statistically significant in comparison to bacteria cultured on the choline non-supplemented medium, p ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test). —membrane from bacteria cultured on the choline non-supplemented medium. —membrane from bacteria cultured on the choline-supplemented medium. —temperature-treated membrane from bacteria cultured on the choline non-supplemented medium. —temperature-treated membrane from bacteria cultured on the choline-supplemented medium.