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Kinetics of biomarkers during contrast-induced AKI. An example of CI-AKI is represented. Serum creatinine (sCr) (the “golden standard” of kidney function) typically raises at 48–72 hours after contrast media exposure. Serum cystatin C (sCyC) (a more sensitive marker of kidney function) raises within 24 hours after contrast media exposure. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) (a marker of kidney damage) starts to raise at 6 hours after contrast media exposure.
