Table 4.

Characteristics of intervention (N = 3).

Element	Simkin-Silverman et al. (2003) [18]	Ogwumike et al. (2011) [19]	Hagner et al. (2009) [20]
Type	Dietary and physical activity	Physical activity	Physical activity
	Group 1: intervention Phase I:	Group 1: intervention	90-minute Nordic walking 3 times per week
	(a) Set weight loss goals	(a) 10 station circuit consisting of muscular and cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, coordination, and abdominal and pelvic floor muscle exercises
	(b) Eat low-fat foods (1300 kcal/day)	(b) Target heart exercise rate was calculated for each woman at 60 to 80 percent of heart rate reserve
	(c) Sessions for adherence to meal plan	(c) 3 times per week on alternate days; grouped into one of three groups in the order of their baseline cardiorespiratory fitness
	(d) 1000–1500 kcal/week physical activity	(d) 40- to 60-minute circuit exercises plus 10 minutes warm up/cool down
	(e) Consultations to develop and adhere to physical activity routine	Group 2: Control-assessment only	No control group
	(f) Self-monitoring and feedback on diet and physical activity	Reported at four weekly intervals for assessments (adiposity and flexibility)
	Phase II: (a) Group meetings (b) Refresher programs (c) Increased caloric intake as weight goals met Group 2: Control-assessment only
Duration	Phase 1 = 20 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
	Phase 2 = 48 months