Table 1.
Means and (SDs) for Each Measure by Grade Level of Participants (See Table Notes).
| Measures | Second Graders | Fifth Graders |
|---|---|---|
| Working Memory Component | M (SD) | M (SD) |
|
|
|
|
| Predictor Measures | ||
| a WISC Verbal Comprehension (Similarities, Vocabulary, Comprehension) | 114.65 (15.74) | 115.31 (13.67) |
| b CTOPP Nonword Repetition (Phonological Word Form) | 9.51 (2.21) | 9.95 (2.52) |
| c PAL Receptive Coding (Orthographic Word Form) | 0.03 (0.91) | 0.22 (1.02) |
| c UW Morphological Signals 2nd | 0.07 (1.01) | 0.00 (1.02) |
| c UW Comes From 5th (Morphological Word Form) | ||
| b CELF3 Formulated Sentences (Accumulating Words in Oral Syntax)) | 10.90 (2.67) | 12.02 (2.66) |
| c Prepub Wolf RAN letters (Phonological Loop) | −0.19 (0.78) | −0.10 (0.97) |
| c UW Alphabet 15 seconds (Orthographic Loop) | 0.30 (0.90) | 0.04 (0.97) |
| c Prepub Wolf RAS (Switching Attention) | 0.22 (1.37) | −0.10 (0.91) |
| Achievement Outcome Measures | ||
| a WIAT2 Word Reading (accuracy reading real words) | 113.64 (14.07) | 113.07 (11.58) |
| a WIAT2 Pseudoword Reading (accuracy reading pseudowords) | 111.88 (14.78) | 108.32 (8.60) |
| a TOWRE Sight Words (rate reading real words) | 110.50 (13.86) | 109.61 (11.87) |
| a TOWRE Phonemic Reading (rate reading pseudowords) | 107.71 (14.88) | 110.46 (14.67) |
| c UW Copy Task (copy paragraph from model) | 0.47 (1.17) | 0.32 (1.07) |
| a WIAT2 Reading Comprehension (answer questions about text) | 110.77 (11.59) | 116.30 (8.28) |
| a WIAT 2 Spelling (spelling dictated words) | 109.10 (13.05) | 108.11 (14.14) |
| a WIAT2 Written Expression (word-, sentence-, text-composing) | 102.86 (13.48) | 108.04 (12.40) |
Notes. (
a
Standard Score, M=100, SD=15;
b
Scaled Score, M=10, SD=3;
c
z-score, M=0, SD=1)