Table 5. Absolute Rates and Relative Odds of Death at Least 6 Months After TBI Compared With Population Controlsa.
| All-Cause Mortality |
Suicide |
Fatal Injuries |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | No. (%) | AOR (95% CI) | No. (%) | AOR (95% CI) | No. (%) | AOR (95% CI) |
| No TBI | 6669 (0.3) | 1 [Reference] | 1398 (0.1) | 1 [Reference] | 1213 (0.1) | 1 [Reference] |
| TBI | ||||||
| All TBI | 2378 (1.1) | 3.2 (3.0-3.4) | 522 (0.2) | 3.3 (2.9-3.7) | 574 (0.3) | 4.3 (3.8-4.8) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1891 (1.2) | 3.1 (3.0-3.3) | 422 (0.3) | 3.0 (2.7-3.4) | 497 (0.3) | 4.1 (3.6-4.7) |
| Female | 487 (0.7) | 3.4 (3.0-3.8) | 100 (0.1) | 4.5 (3.5-5.9) | 77 (0.1) | 5.9 (4.3-8.0) |
| Subtype | ||||||
| Cerebral edema | 60 (0.9) | 3.6 (2.6-4.9) | 10 (0.2) | 3.4 (1.6-7.1) | 20 (0.3) | 8.1 (3.9-16.6) |
| Focal | 49 (3.3) | 5.8 (3.9-8.5) | 11 (0.7) | 5.1 (2.2-12.1) | 14 (0.9) | 14.3 (5.7-36.1) |
| Hemorrhagic | 116 (3.1) | 6.8 (5.3-8.8) | 13 (0.4) | 3.6 (1.8-7.1) | 20 (0.5) | 6.2 (3.4-11.4) |
| Age at death, y | ||||||
| 0-14 | 72 (0.03) | 1.2 (0.8-1.6) | 4 (0.00) | 2.1 (0.5-10.0) | 17 (0.01) | 1.2 (0.6-2.4) |
| 15-24 | 308 (0.1) | 2.1 (1.8-2.5) | 83 (0.04) | 1.8 (1.3-2.5) | 129 (0.1) | 2.6 (2.0-3.4) |
| 25-34 | 514 (0.2) | 3.2 (2.9-3.7) | 159 (0.1) | 3.0 (2.4-3.8) | 149 (0.1) | 4.2 (3.3-5.4) |
| 35-44 | 673 (0.3) | 3.8 (3.4-4.2) | 156 (0.1) | 3.5 (2.5-4.9) | 156 (0.1) | 6.5 (5.2-8.2) |
| 45-56 | 811 (0.4) | 3.5 (3.2-3.8) | 120 (0.1) | 4.0 (3.3-4.9) | 123 (0.1) | 6.5 (5.1-8.2) |
| Severity | ||||||
| Moderate-severe TBI | 842 (3.5) | 4.5 (4.1-5.0) | 153 (0.6) | 3.2 (2.5-4.0) | 225 (0.9) | 7.7 (6.2-9.6) |
| Length of stay | ||||||
| Overnight stay | 1326 (3.1) | 3.6 (3.4-3.9) | 275 (0.7) | 3.2 (2.7-3.8) | 329 (0.8) | 5.4 (4.5-6.3) |
| No overnight stay | 1052 (0.6) | 2.9 (2.7-3.1) | 247 (0.1) | 3.3 (2.8-3.8) | 245 (0.1) | 3.6 (3.1-4.2) |
| Co-occurring injuries | ||||||
| Yes | 512 (2.1) | 3.6 (3.2-4.0) | 135 (0.6) | 4.3 (3.4-5.5) | 129 (0.5) | 5.5 (4.2-7.2) |
| No | 1866 (1.0) | 3.1 (2.9-3.3) | 387 (0.2) | 3.0 (2.7-3.4) | 445 (0.2) | 4.1 (3.6-4.6) |
| Source | ||||||
| Inpatient | 1541 (3.0) | 3.8 (3.5-4.0) | 320 (0.6) | 3.4 (2.9-4.0) | 390 (0.8) | 5.6 (4.8-6.6) |
| Outpatient | 837 (0.5) | 2.6 (2.4-2.8) | 202 (0.1) | 3.1 (2.6-3.7) | 184 (0.1) | 3.1 (2.6-3.7) |
| Time of diagnosis | ||||||
| Before 2001 | 1229 (4.5) | 3.5 (3.3-3.8) | 258 (1.0) | 3.1 (2.6-3.7) | 322 (1.2) | 5.5 (4.6-6.5) |
| 2001 or later | 1149 (0.6) | 3.0 (2.8-3.2) | 264 (0.1) | 3.4 (2.9-3.9) | 252 (0.1) | 3.5 (3.0-4.1) |
| Timing of death | ||||||
| ≥1 wk | 2993 (1.4) | 3.5 (3.3-3.7) | 635 (0.3) | 3.5 (3.2-3.9) | 921 (0.4) | 5.3 (4.8-5.8) |
| ≥1 mo | 2691 (1.2) | 3.3 (3.2-3.5) | 600 (0.3) | 3.3 (3.1-3.6) | 691 (0.3) | 4.7 (4.2-5.2) |
| ≥6 mo | 2378 (1.1) | 3.2 (3.0-3.4) | 522 (0.2) | 3.3 (2.9-3.7) | 574 (0.3) | 4.3 (3.8-4.8) |
| ≥12 mo | 2123 (1.0) | 3.1 (2.9-3.2) | 454 (0.2) | 3.1 (2.7-3.5) | 513 (0.2) | 4.2 (3.7-4.7) |
| ≥5 y | 1080 (0.5) | 3.1 (2.8-3.3) | 214 (0.1) | 2.7 (2.3-3.2) | 262 (0.1) | 4.5 (3.8-5.3) |
| Concussion | ||||||
| No concussion | 26 332 (0.8) | 1 [Reference] | 5962 (0.2) | 1 [Reference] | 5249 (0.2) | 1 [Reference] |
| Concussion | ||||||
| Men | 4817 (2.4) | 2.2 (2.1-2.3) | 1320 (0.7) | 2.4 (2.2-2.5) | 1203 (0.6) | 2.5 (2.3-2.7) |
| Women | 1293 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.8-2.1) | 344 (0.3) | 3.2 (2.8-3.7) | 186 (0.1) | 2.6 (2.1-3.1) |
Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; TBI, traumatic brain injury.
a
The AORs reflect odds of mortality in individuals with TBI compared with general population controls (matched for age and sex and adjusted for income, marital, and immigration statuses). Results were stratified by sex, TBI diagnostic subtype, age band, and timing of death. The suicide category included both certain and undetermined deaths.