Table 1. Odds of nonzero medical care expenditure and total excess medical expenditure associated with hearing loss components, by hearing status ^aexpenditure component.

	Any Hearing Lossb
	Positive expenditures		Excess expenditures
	Odds Ratio	95% CI	Excess expendituresc	95% CI
Total medical expenditures
Total expense	1.39**	(1.12, 1.71)	$392	($277, $513)
Total out-of-pocket	1.33**	(1.13, 1.57)	$122	($87, $158)
Office-based visits
Total expense	1.23**	(1.08, 1.41)	$169	($78, $267)
Outpatient visits
Facility expense	1.28***	(1.19, 1.36)	$406	(-$20, $893)
Provider expense	1.24***	(1.15, 1.34)	$145	($35, $268)
Emergency room visits
Facility expense	1.17***	(1.08, 1.28)	-$0.26	(-$7, $7)
Provider expense	1.15**	(1.05, 1.26)	$2	($1, $4)
Inpatient stays
Facility expense	1.06	(0.97, 1.15)	$12	(-$3, $29)
Provider expense	1.03	(0.94, 1.12)	-$2	(-$6, $2)
Home health care
Agency-sponsored expense	1.16*	(1.04, 1.30)	$0.03	($0.01, $0.05)
Paid independent provider expense	0.96	(0.74, 1.24)	$0	($0, $0)d
Other medical expenditures
Medical supplies and equipment expense	1.51***	(1.38, 1.64)	$2	($1, $2)
Prescription drug expense	1.16*	(1.10, 1.33)	$137	($92, $185)

Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval

^*Significant at the 0.05 level,

^**significant at the 0.01 level,

^***significant at the 0.001 level

^aFully-adjusted model controlling for education, insurance coverage, sex, marital status, age, family size, self-rated health, smoking status, and medical conditions (diabetes, hypertension, stroke, heart disease, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction).

^bCompares individuals with any hearing loss to those with normal hearing.

^cDollar amounts were reported in USD and adjusted for inflation to the year 2012 using the Consumer Price Index Medical Care Inflation Index.

^dRounded to nearest dollar.