Table 2.
Associations of the correlates among both male and female CSOs and non-CSOs
| |
|
Males |
|
Females |
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Variables |
All respondents |
CSOs |
Non-CSOs |
Significance |
CSOs |
Non-CSOs |
Significance |
|
|
% |
(n = 399) |
(n = 1616) |
(n = 377) |
(n = 1638) |
||||
| % | % | % | % | |||||
|
Sociodemographic characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Age |
|
|
|
Chi = 5.036, df =5, p = 0.411 |
|
|
Chi = 4.537, df =5, p = 0.475 |
|
| |
15-17 years |
4.0 |
3.5 |
4.1 |
|
3.5 |
4.2 |
|
| |
18-24 years |
12.3 |
13.8 |
12.4 |
|
12.2 |
11.8 |
|
| |
25-34 years |
16.9 |
18.5 |
17.0 |
|
18.4 |
16.1 |
|
| |
35-49 years |
25.7 |
25.8 |
26.1 |
|
25.5 |
25.3 |
|
| |
50-64 |
28.6 |
29.6 |
28.0 |
|
30.1 |
28.7 |
|
| |
≥65 |
12.5 |
8.8 |
12.4 |
|
10.4 |
14.0 |
|
| Education ≤12 years |
41.3 |
47.4 |
48.3 |
p = 0.737 |
35.5 |
34.1 |
p = 0.631 |
|
| Married or registered relationship |
48.3 |
42.9 |
48.3 |
p = 0.057 |
42.7 |
50.9 |
p = 0.004 |
|
|
Gambling related correlates |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Any past-year gambling involvement |
77.9 |
84.0 |
82.7 |
p = 0.603 |
77.2 |
72.0 |
p = 0.040 |
|
| Number of game types, past-year |
|
|
|
Chi = 8.589, df =2, p = 0.014 |
|
|
Chi = 14.345, df =2, p ≤ 0.001 |
|
| |
0-2 game types |
67.0 |
51.7 |
59.3 |
|
69.6 |
78.4 |
|
| |
3-4 game types |
22.1 |
26.5 |
24.3 |
|
24.1 |
18.3 |
|
| |
≥ 5 game types |
10.9 |
21.8 |
16.4 |
|
6.4 |
3.3 |
|
| Past-year gambling problems1 |
|
|
|
Chi = 23.762, df =2, p ≤ 0.001 |
|
|
Chi = 16.329, df =2, p ≤ 0.001 |
|
| |
No gambling |
22.1 |
16.0 |
17.3 |
|
22.8 |
28.0 |
|
| |
No problems (SOGS = 0-2) |
75.2 |
75.3 |
79.4 |
|
74.3 |
71.2 |
|
| |
Problem gambler (SOGS ≥ 3) |
2.7 |
8.8 |
3.2 |
|
2.9 |
0.7 |
|
| Onset age for gambling less than 18 years |
56.1 |
74.8 |
67.7 |
p = 0.007 |
51.0 |
40.5 |
p ≤ 0.001 |
|
|
Perceived health and well-being |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bad general health2 |
3.0 |
5.0 |
2.9 |
p = 0.040 |
2.9 |
2.6 |
p = 0.721 |
|
| Mental health problem3 |
3.3 |
5.9 |
2.7 |
p = 0.004 |
6.0 |
2.6 |
p = 0.003 |
|
| Loneliness4 |
18.2 |
21.5 |
15.9 |
p = 0.009 |
23.9 |
18.4 |
p = 0.017 |
|
| Smoking daily |
17.8 |
24.6 |
20.2 |
p = 0.064 |
23.3 |
12.5 |
p ≤ 0.001 |
|
| Risky alcohol consumption5 | 26.1 | 46.4 | 31.1 | p ≤ 0.001 | 21.7 | 17.0 | p = 0.053 | |
1SOGS, the South Oaks Gambling Screen [23,24]2Bad or somewhat bad general health; 3MHI-5, the Mental Health Inventory, scaled 1–100, clinically significant problem ≤ 52; 4feeling sometimes, often or all the time lonely, 5The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C), score for risk consumption ≥ 5 among women and ≥ 6 among men; Significance (p) is determined by chi-squared (>2 groups) and Fisher’s exact tests (2 groups); the data (N = 4484; males n = 2117, females n = 2367) were weighted based on gender, age and residency.