Table 5.
Univariate analysis of risk factors of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking warfarin.
| Variable | Relative risk | 95% confidence interval | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age > 65 yrs | 2.5 | 1.3–5.3 | 0.02 |
| Mean INR* > 2.1 | 2.4 | 1.2–4.5 | 0.01 |
| History of GIB† | 4.6 | 1.8–11.9 | 0.002 |
| Cirrhosis | 8.9 | 2.7–29.9 | <0.001 |
| Gender | 0.6 | 0.3–1.2 | 0.2 |
| Smoking | 1.0 | 0.5–2.3 | 0.8 |
| Alcohol | 0.7 | 0.3–61.8 | 0.5 |
| Hypertension | 0.6 | 0.8–3.3 | 0.1 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.5 | 0.7–3.1 | 0.2 |
| Pulmonary disease | 1.3 | 0.5–3.2 | 0.5 |
| Renal insufficiency | 1.1 | 0.4–3.2 | 0.8 |
| Malignancy | 1.2 | 0.5–3.0 | 0.3 |
| Septic shock | 3.0 | 0.9–10.1 | 0.08 |
| NSAID‡ | 3.0 | 0.7–12.7 | 0.1 |
| Aspirin | 0.9 | 0.3–2.7 | 1.0 |
| Clopidogrel | 0.5 | 0.07–3.9 | 0.5 |
| Dipyridamole | 2.4 | 0.9–6.2 | 0.08 |
| Steroids | 1.6 | 0.5–4.6 | 0.4 |
*INR: international normalization ratio.
†GIB: gastrointestinal bleeding.
‡NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.