Table 1.
Available Signals for signal based neurostimulation: The following table summarizes recent studies, experiments and device development regarding brain signal based neurostimulation.
| Feedback Signal | Stimulation Type | Feedback mechanism | Application | Subject | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arm and hand EMG and acceleration sensors |
DBS (STN, VIM) | Features of EMG and acceleration signals are used to predict tremor onset, regulating DBS not implemented. |
ET, PD | Human | 48 |
| EMG | DBS (VIM) | Features of EMG signals measure tremor and regulate DBS system via remote programmer. |
Intention Tremor |
Human | 49 |
| Cortical ECoG/LFP |
Cortical stimulation via cortical depth electrodes or ECoG |
Abnormal phase synchrony of cortical signals triggers stimulation. |
Epilepsy, seizure detection |
Animal model (on-line) and human (off-line) |
50 |
| Skull mounted EEG |
Cortical stimulation via skull mounted EEG (F3) |
Stimulation triggered by reduced EEG phase synchronization across multiple electrodes. |
Epilepsy | Rats | 51 |
| ECoG | Pharmacological | Voltage window detectors and frequency analysis parameters matching patient’s specific seizures trigger drug delivery system. |
Epilepsy | Rat model and offline human ECoG |
52,53 |
| Single unit recording of spinal dorsal horn neurons |
DBS Periaqueductal Grey |
Stimulation triggered by user- defined clustering of inter spike intervals used to classify physical stimuli. |
Pain | Rats | 54 |
| Neuronal firing rate |
DBS | Adaptive algorithm adjusts DBS to maintain a stimulus to firing frequency ratio. |
Epilepsy | Computational Model |
55 |
| Skull mounted EEG over frontal barrel cortex |
DBS (Zona Incerta) |
Linear least squares was utilized to classify seizures based on entropy and spectral power. |
Epilepsy | Rats | 56 |
| Single unit recording of primary motor cortex |
DBS (GPi) | DBS pulse train delivered at fixed latency following M1 spike detection. |
PD | Primate model of PD |
57 |
| LFP recording (Hippocampus) |
DBS (Hippocampus) |
DBS and LFP recording via distinct contacts on macroelectrode. Seizures detected during stimulation with machine learning. Seizure modeled by afterdischarge potentials induced by hippocampa stimulation. |
Seizure | Sheep | 58 |
EMG: Electromyography, DBS: Deep Brain Stimulation, STN: Subthalamic Nucleus, VIM: Ventral Intermedius Nucleus of the Thalamus, ET: Essential Tremor, PD: Parkinson’s disease, ECoG: Electrocorticography, GPi: Globus Pallidus pars internus, LFP: Local Field Potential.