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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Apr 30.
Published in final edited form as: Psychiatry Res. 2014 Feb 28;222(0):10–16. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.02.011

Table 4.

Least Square Means, Percent Difference, and Effect Sizes

Region Schizophrenia Patients (n=186) Healthy Volunteers (n=176) Percent Difference Full Sample Effect Size Cohen’s d/n80 Weighted Mean Effect Size Cohen’s d/n80 Meta-analysis Cohen’s d Haijma medicated/antipsychotic naive Meta-analysis** Cohen’s d/n80 Shepherd
Pallidum 1792 (193) 1700 (184) 5.44 0.490/53 0.732/24 0.26 1.06LH to 1.34RH/10–12
Hippocampus 4156 (428) 4302 (409) −3.41 −0.350/102 −0.391/81 −0.52/−0.43 −0.38 to −0.58/48–110
Putamen 57101 (620) 5566 (592) 2.60 0.239/218 0.443/64 0.10 0.21LH to 0.24RH/274–357
Lat. Ventricle 8429 (4832) 7378 (4614) 14.25 0.222/252 0.312/127 0.45 0.39RH to 0.51LH/62–105
ICV 1488 (165) 1523 (163) −2.26 −0.209/284 −0.182/370 −0.17/−0.14
Amygdala 1648 (204) 1681 (195) −1.95 −0.165/455 −0.090/1528 −0.31 −0.38 to −0.72/32–110
Caudate 3755 (483) 3714 (461) 1.08 0.085/1713 0.102/1123 −0.03/−0.38 −0.06RH to 0.06LH/4362
Thalamus 7287 (675) 7311 (643) −0.33 −0.037/9033 −0.098/1263 −0.31/−0.68 −0.18 to 0.33/486–146

n80 = number of subjects per group needed, assuming an equal number of subjects per group, for 80% power to detect a difference at p<0.05.

*

= Cohen’s d of volume difference between medicated schizophrenia patients and healthy controls based on the Haijma et al. (2012) meta-analysis of structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia

**

= Percent difference and Cohen’s d of volume difference between chronic schizophrenia patients and healthy controls based on the Shepherd et al. (2012) meta-review of structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia; LH = for left hemisphere; RH = for right hemisphere Lat. Ventricle = Lateral Ventricle; ICV = Intracranial Volume.