Table 2.

Multilevel Models of Rural Youth’s Educational Outcomes Fixed Effects (N=3,312)

Variable	Parameter Estimates and P-values
	Belonging	Extracurricular Activities	Grades	Value of Education	School Misbehavior
Intercept	1.15 (.11)***	1.49 (.12)***	2.22 (.05)***	2.95 (.03)***	.09 (.02)***
Grade	−.21 (.07)**	−.32 (.08)***	−.04 (.02)*	0 (.01)	.05 (.01)***
Quadratic	.04 (.01)**	.07 (.01)***	—	—	—
Cohort	−.002 (.05)	.22 (.06)***	−.005 (.02)	−.01 (.01)	.03 (.01)***
Grade*cohort	.004 (.03)	−.01 (.03)	.003 (.006)	.002 (.004)	−.01 (.002)**
Quadratic*cohort	−.006 (.005)	−.005 (.006)	—	—	—
Male	−.09 (.06)	−.26 (.07)***	−.19 (.03)***	−.04 (.02)*	−.01 (.01)
Black	.13 (.07) †	.14 (.07)†	−.24 (.04)***	.07 (.02)***	.04 (.01)**
One parent	−.17 (.08)*	−.03 (.08)	−.06 (.04)	−.07 (.02)**	.01 (.01)
Some college	0 (.08)	−.34 (.07)***	−.26 (.03)***	−.08 (.02)***	.01 (.01)
Less than HS	.08 (.14)	−.38 (.15)*	−.42 (.07)***	−.12 (.04)**	−.02 (.03)
Repeat grade	.11 (.07)	−.02 (.08)	−.49 (.04)***	−.10 (.02)***	.06 (.01)***
County	.55 (.07)***	.17 (.07)*	.04 (.03)	.01 (.02)	−.05 (.01)***
GR*Male	.19 (.04)***	.05 (.05)	.02 (.01) †	−.01 (.006) †	.01 (.004)*
GR*Black	.03 (.05)	−.12 (.05)*	−.007 (.01)	.01 (.01)	−.02 (.004)***
GR*One parent	.03 (.05)	0 (.06)	−.007 (.01)	−.02 (.01)*	.01 (.005)**
GR*Some	−.006 (.04)	.05 (.04)	.006 (.01)	−.01 (.01)	−.006 (.004)
GR*LTHS	−.01 (.10)	−.01 (.11)	.01 (.02)	−.02 (.01)	−.02 (.02) †
GR*Repeat	−.01 (.05)	−.10 (.05) †	.03 (.01)**	−.04 (.01)***	.002 (.004)
GR*County	−.23 (.05)***	−.07(.05)***	−.01 (.01)	−.02 (.01)**	.01 (.004) †
MODEL FIT BIC	39032.9	44620.5	28516.9	15184.0	4268.0

Note: Linear models do not include estimates for parameter estimates that include a quadratic term. Estimates of the random effects for the quadratic term and the fixed effect interaction terms that include the quadratic are not provided in this table. For parameter estimates of the full complete, please contact the author.

^†p < .10,

^*p ≤ .05,

^**p ≤ .01,

^***p ≤ .001