Table 2.
Percentage changes of relative risk based on μg/m3 range of pollutant concentration by selected causes of death for single-pollutant and multiple-pollutant models
| PM2·5 (1·0 μg/m3) | Ozone (1·0 μg/m3) | Sulphate (1·0 μg/m3) | Elemental carbon (1·0 μg/m3) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
All-cause mortality (deaths=93 358)
| ||||
| Single-pollutant | 0·58 (0·22 to 0·95) | 0·04 (−0·01 to 0·09) | 1·11 (0·78 to 1·44) | 5·51 (0·74 to 10·51) |
| Multiple-pollutant | ·· | 0·01 (−0·06 to 0·07) | ·· | 5·16 (−0·51 to 11·17) |
| Multiple-pollutant | ·· | 0·02 (−0·01 to 0·06) | 1·09 (0·76 to 1·43) | ·· |
| Multiple-pollutant | ·· | ·· | 1·06 (0·73 to 1·40) | 2·70 (−1·01 to 6·57) |
| Multiple-pollutant | ·· | 0·01 (−0·04 to 0·06) | 1·07 (0·73 to 1·40) | 2·11 (−2·44 to 6·89) |
|
| ||||
|
Cardiopulmonary mortality (deaths=46 168)
| ||||
| Single-pollutant | 1·27 (0·76 to 1·79) | 0·12 (0·03 to 0·21) | 1·55 (1·03 to 2·08) | 10·60 (2·92 to 18·86) |
| Multiple-pollutant | ·· | 0·08 (−0·02 to 0·18) | ·· | 6·55 (−2·05 to 15·91) |
| Multiple-pollutant | ·· | 0·10 (0·04 to 0·16) | 1·54 (1·05 to 2·03) | ·· |
| Multiple-pollutant | ·· | ·· | 1·46 (0·94 to 1·97) | 7·05 (1·11 to 13·35) |
| Multiple-pollutant | ·· | 0·09 (0·01 to 0·17) | 1·51 (1·01 to 2·01) | 2·09 (−4·53 to 9·18) |
Data from the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention II cohort (n=352 242), with follow-up from 1982 to 2000. Spatial survival model included random effects at the 66 metropolitan statistical areas that had all pollutants recorded for the national cohort. Survival model is stratified by age (1 year), sex, and race. Pollution effects adjusted for 44 covariates measured at the individual level and seven covariates measured at the ecological level for the zip code area of residence and for the zip code area deviated from the metropolitan area average. Relative risks presented in the first row for each cause of death are from single-pollutant models, whereas those in subsequent rows indicate pollutants simultaneously included in survival models. See webappendix pp 26–27 for details. PM2·5=particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter 2·5 μm or less.