Table 4.
Reports of the risk of thyroid cancer incidence for other occupational exposures
| Overall | Men | Women | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | Study Design | Study Years | Study Size/Age Information |
Source of Exposure Information |
Exposure Measure | Exposed N cases |
Risk Estimate | Exposed N cases |
Risk Estimate | Exposed N cases |
Risk Estimate | |
| Population-based studies: JEMs and self-reported exposure | ||||||||||||
| Lope 2009 [49] | R-RC | 1971-1989 | Sweden | O-R linked to JEM | Solvents, probable exposure | 31 | RR=0.93 (0.65-1.33) | 11 | RR=1.91 (1.05-3.45) | |||
| PAH combustion products, probable exposure | 75 | RR=1.16 (0.91-1.47) | 14 | RR=0.86 (0.51-1.46) | ||||||||
| Oil, possible/probable exposure | 48 | RR=0.82 (0.61-1.10) | 39 | RR=1.08 (0.79-1.49) | ||||||||
| 2,992,166; 2,599 cases; age range: 24 to not reported | Petroleum, possible/probable exposure | 21 | RR=1.12 (0.72-1.72) | |||||||||
| Chromium/nickel, possible/probable exposure | 23 | RR=0.94 (0.62-1.43) | ||||||||||
| Arsenic, possible exposure | 7 | RR=0.97 (0.46-2.04) | 7 | RR=1.01 (0.48-2.13) | ||||||||
| Mercury, possible/probable exposure | 10 | RR=1.11 (0.60-2.07) | ||||||||||
| Metals, probable exposure | 28 | RR=1.26 (0.87-1.84) | ||||||||||
| Hallquist 1993 [47] | C-C | 1980-1989 | 180 cases; 360 controls; age range: 20-70 | Sweden | SR | Organic solvents | 24 | OR=0.7 (0.3-1.3) | ||||
| Fincham 2000 [50] | C-C | 1986-1988 | 1,272 cases, 2,666 controls; age data not reported | Canada | SR | Chemical, rubber, plastics | 5 | OR=0.96 (0.33-2.79) | ||||
| Wingren 1993 [73] | C-C | 1977-1987 | 104 cases; 387 controls; age range: 20-60 | Sweden | SR | Solvents | 6 | OR=2.9 (0.7-12) | ||||
| Video display terminals | 6 | OR=2.4 (0.6-10) | ||||||||||
| Wingren 1995 [62] | C-C | 1977-1989 | 185 cases; 426 controls; age range: 20-60 | Sweden | SR | Video display terminals | 10 | OR=2.3 (0.9-5.6) | ||||
| Industry-based studies: occupations | ||||||||||||
| Enewold 2011 [74] | I-RC | 1990-2004 | Military; 743 cases; age range: 20-49 | United States | O-R | Military personnel | 410 | IRR=1.06 (0.95-1.19) | 333 | IRR=1.33 (1.18-1.50) | ||
| Reynolds 1999 [75] | I-RC | 1987-1992 | 268,697; 133 cases; median age: 40-59 | United States | O-ER | Administrators | 17 | SIR=1.01 (0.58-1.61) | ||||
| Teachers | 102 | SIR=1.44 (1.17-1.75) | ||||||||||
| Sathiakumar 2001 [76] | I-RC | 1986-1997 | 5641; 7 cases; median age 42 | United States | O-ER | Petrochemical processing | 7 | SIR=265 (106-546) | ||||
| Population-based studies: occupations | ||||||||||||
| Bates 2007 [77] | RB C-C | 1988-2003 | 804,000, including 3,659 firefighters; 32 cases (firefighters); age range: 21-80 | United States | O-R | Firefighters | 32 | OR=1.17 (0.82-1.67) | ||||
| Carstensen 1990 [57] | R-RC | 1961-1979 | Sweden; 4,167 cases; age range: 20-69 | Sweden | O-R | Armed forces | 10 | SIR=1.48 | ||||
| Buyers, dealers | 22 | SIR=1.24 | 14 | SIR=0.95 | 8 | SIR=2.61 | ||||||
| Clerical workers | 55 | SIR=1.25 | 171 | SIR=1.08 | ||||||||
| Craftsmen | 412 | SIR=0.89 | 168 | SIR=1.01 | ||||||||
| Drivers, road transport | 63 | SIR=1.37 | 63 | SIR=1.39 | ||||||||
| Mechanics | 27 | SIR=1.09 | ||||||||||
| Painters | 11 | SIR=0.67 | ||||||||||
| Painting/construction | 5 | SIR=0.36 | 5 | SIR=0.36 | ||||||||
| Petroleum refineries | 5 | SIR=3.24 | 5 | SIR=3.85 | ||||||||
| Repair of motor vehicl es | 13 | SIR=0.82 | ||||||||||
| Road passenger transport | 14 | SIR=1.83 | 14 | SIR=2.14 | ||||||||
| Road transport | 28 | SIR=1.46 | ||||||||||
| Sales workers | 90 | SIR=1.19 | 123 | SIR=0.86 | ||||||||
| Service workers | 43 | SIR=1.06 | 218 | SIR=0.86 | ||||||||
| Shop assistants | 101 | SIR=0.86 | 17 | SIR=1.59 | 84 | SIR=0.79 | ||||||
| Stenographers and typists | 37 | SIR=0.88 | 5 | SIR=3.47 | 32 | SIR=0.78 | ||||||
| Transport and communication | 91 | SIR=1.1 | 31 | SIR=0.86 | ||||||||
| Truckers | 9 | SIR=1.18 | ||||||||||
| Unskilled manual workers | 21 | SIR=0.57 | 18 | SIR=0.55 | 3 | SIR=0.78 | ||||||
| Fincham 2000 [50] | C-C | 1986-1988 | 1,272 cases; 2,666 controls; age data not reported | Canada | O-Q | Arts and recreation | 16 | OR=0.71 (0.41-1.24) | ||||
| Clerical workers | 288 | OR=0.82 (0.69-0.97) | ||||||||||
| Construction worker | 44 | OR=1.4 (0.94-2.08) | ||||||||||
| Construction worker | 44 | OR=1.4 (0.94-2.08) | ||||||||||
| Managerial and administrative | 173 | OR=0.91 (0.74-1.1) | ||||||||||
| Natural science | 34 | OR=0.91 (0.60-1.4) | ||||||||||
| Sales and service work | 253 | OR=1.19 (1.00-1.41) | ||||||||||
| Transport | 24 | OR=1.24 (0.74-2.07) | ||||||||||
| Wood processing, pulp, paper-making | 14 | OR=2.83 (1.27-6.29) | ||||||||||
| Hallquist 1993 [47] | C-C | 1980-1989 | 180 cases; 360 controls; age range: 20-70 | Sweden | O-Q | Cleaner | 21 | OR=1.8 (0.9-3.5) | ||||
| Construction worker | 10 | OR=1.5 (0.5-5.1) | ||||||||||
| Driver | 8 | OR=0.6 (0.2-1.7) | ||||||||||
| Electrical workers | 8 | OR=1.9 (0.6-6.1) | ||||||||||
| Kitchen staff | 22 | OR=0.7 (0.4-1.3) | ||||||||||
| Lumberman | 17 | OR=0.9 (0.4-1.9) | ||||||||||
| Office employee | 22 | OR=0.9 (0.5-1.5) | ||||||||||
| Saw mill worker | 5 | OR=1.4 (0.3-5.4) | ||||||||||
| Haselkorn 2000 [63] | R-RC | 1972-1995 | Los Angeles County; 8,820 cases; age range: 0 to 85+ | United States | O-R | Bookkeepers | 6 | PIR=331.2 (120.9-720.9) | ||||
| Dentists | 12 | PIR=388.4 (200.5-678.5) | ||||||||||
| Economists | 8 | PIR=239.8 (103.2-472.5) | 9 | PIR=126.1 (57.5-239.4) | ||||||||
| Homemakers | 813 | PIR=110.2 (102.7-118.0) | ||||||||||
| Lawyers | 29 | PIR=156.2 (104.6-224.4) | 18 | PIR=133.1 (78.8-210.3) | ||||||||
| Managers and administrators | 187 | PIR=116.9 (100.8-134.9) | 129 | PIR=95.0 (79.3-112.9) | ||||||||
| Musicians and composers | 12 | PIR=200.2 (103.3-349.8) | ||||||||||
| Pharmacists | 6 | PIR=294.4 (107.5-640.9) | ||||||||||
| Psychologists | 8 | PIR=349.7 (150.6-689.0) | 13 | PIR=220.1 (117.1-376.3) | ||||||||
| Salesmen/saleswoman | 9 | PIR=240.3 (109.7-456.3) | ||||||||||
| Stenographers | 9 | PIR=232.6 (106.1-441.6) | ||||||||||
| Teacher, college, university | 12 | PIR=250.4 (129.2-437.4) | 7 | PIR=95.1 (38.1-196.0) | ||||||||
| Lope 2005 [61] | R-RC | 1971-1989 | 2,845,992; 1,103 male cases; 1,496 female cases; age range: 24 to not reported | Sweden | O-R | Bookkeeping and clerical work | 45 | RR=0.93 (0.69-1.25) | 273 | RR=0.94 (0.82-1.07) | ||
| Bus and tram transport | 12 | RR=1.38 (0.78-2.44) | ||||||||||
| Electric installation work | 14 | RR=1.53 (0.90-2.59) | 6 | RR=2.53 (1.14-5.64) | ||||||||
| engineers and technicians | 46 | RR=1.19 (0.89-1.60) | ||||||||||
| Government legislative and administrative work | 11 | RR=1.35 (0.75-2.45) | ||||||||||
| Hairdressers | 6 | RR=1.96 (0.88-4.38) | ||||||||||
| Logging | 29 | RR=1.27 (0.87-1.83) | ||||||||||
| Lumberjacks | 30 | RR=1.42 (0.99-2.04) | ||||||||||
| Manufacture of footwear | 6 | RR=2.04 (0.91-4.54) | ||||||||||
| Mining and quarrying | 6 | RR=0.99 (0.44-2.20) | ||||||||||
| Paper pulp workers | 7 | RR=2.11 (1.00-4.45) | ||||||||||
| Policemen | 13 | RR=2.12 (1.23-3.66) | ||||||||||
| Postal services | 12 | RR=1.34 (0.76-2.36) | ||||||||||
| Prison and reformatory officials | 5 | RR=3.56 (1.48-8.57) | ||||||||||
| Professional and technical work | 194 | RR=1.05 (0.90-1.23) | 334 | RR=1.07 (0.95-1.21) | ||||||||
| Railway transport | 32 | RR=1.35 (0.95-1.92) | ||||||||||
| Retailing pharmaceuticals | 12 | RR=1.30 (0.74-2.29) | ||||||||||
| Sales work | 80 | RR=1.00 (0.79-1.25) | 204 | RR=1.07 (0.92-1.24) | ||||||||
| Service and military work | 57 | RR=0.99 (0.76-1.30) | 369 | RR=0.97 (0.86-1.09) | ||||||||
| Shoe cutters, lasters, and sewers | 6 | RR=2.46 (1.10-5.48) | ||||||||||
| Shop manager | 11 | RR=1.27 (0.70-2.31) | 16 | RR=1.80 (1.10-2.94) | ||||||||
| Social worker | 15 | RR=1.27 (0.76-2.11) | ||||||||||
| Store and warehouse workers | 31 | RR=1.15 (0.80-1.64) | ||||||||||
| Teachers | 6 | RR=1.49 (0.67-3.32) | ||||||||||
| Teachers of music, arts, or crafts | 5 | RR=1.55 (0.65-3.74) | ||||||||||
| Transport and communications work | 98 | RR=1.11 (0.90-1.37) | Cases | Controls | ||||||||
| Preston-martin 1993 [79] | C-C | 1981-1984 | 207 controls; 207 cases; median age: 30-34 | China | O-I | Clerical workers | 8 (3.9%) | 10 (4.8%) | ||||
| Manufacturing/transport | 105 (50.7) | 116 (56%) | ||||||||||
| Professional/technical work | 55 (26.6%) | 32 (15.5%) | ||||||||||
| Sales work | 5 (2.4%) | 15 (7.2%) | ||||||||||
| Pukkala 2009 [46] | R-RC | 1961-2005 | 15,000,000; 6,487 cases; age range 30-64 | Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden | O-R | Administrators | 296 | SIR=1.09 (0.97-1.22) | 86 | SIR=0.78 (0.62-0.96) | ||
| Artists | 31 | SIR=0.93 (0.63-1.32) | 48 | SIR=1.08 (0.79-1.43) | ||||||||
| Artists | 31 | SIR=0.93 (0.63-1.32) | 48 | SIR=1.08 (0.79-1.43) | ||||||||
| Beverage workers | 8 | SIR=1.57 (0.68-3.09) | 5 | SIR=0.70 (0.23-1.64) | ||||||||
| Bricklayer | 46 | SIR=1.02 (0.75-1.36) | ||||||||||
| Building caretakers | 75 | SIR=1.10 (0.87-1.38) | 827 | SIR=1.08 (1.01-1.15) | ||||||||
| Chimney sweeps | 6 | SIR=1.28 (0.47-2.79) | ||||||||||
| Clerical workers | 264 | SIR=1.20 (1.06-1.35) | 1538 | SIR=0.92 (0.88-0.97) | ||||||||
| Cooks and stewards | 18 | SIR=0.93 (0.55-1.48) | 209 | SIR=1.02 (0.89-1.17) | ||||||||
| Drivers | 330 | SIR=1.03 (0.92-1.15) | 21 | SIR=1.03 (0.70-1.47) | ||||||||
| Electrical workers | 180 | SIR=1.02 (0.88-1.18) | 75 | SIR=1.24 (0.98-1.56) | ||||||||
| Food workers | 96 | SIR=1.06 (0.86-1.29) | 164 | SIR=0.99 (0.85-1.16) | ||||||||
| Glass makers | 61 | SIR=0.77 (0.59-0.99) | 100 | SIR=1.06 (0.87-1.29) | ||||||||
| Hairdressers | 19 | SIR=1.55 (0.93-2.41) | 60 | SIR=0.69 (0.53-0.89) | ||||||||
| Journalists | 14 | SIR=0.88 (0.48-1.48) | 16 | SIR=0.76 (0.43-1.23) | ||||||||
| Launderers | 7 | SIR=0.87 (0.35-1.79) | 62 | SIR=0.76 (0.58-0.97) | ||||||||
| Military personnel | 63 | SIR=1.29 (0.99-1.66) | ||||||||||
| Other construction workers | 162 | SIR=0.85 (0.73-0.99) | 14 | SIR=1.00 (0.54-1.67) | ||||||||
| Other workers | 191 | SIR=0.90 (0.78-1.03) | 324 | SIR=0.97 (0.87-1.08) | ||||||||
| Packers | 145 | SIR=0.96 (0.82-1.13) | 150 | SIR=0.96 (0.82-1.13) | ||||||||
| Painters | 92 | SIR=1.05 (0.84-1.28) | 6 | SIR=0.76 (0.28-1.66) | ||||||||
| Postal Workers | 56 | SIR=0.91 (0.69-1.18) | 242 | SIR=1.03 (0.91-1.17) | ||||||||
| Printers | 43 | SIR=0.83 (0.60-1.11) | 39 | SIR=0.75 (0.53-1.02) | ||||||||
| Public safety workers | 112 | SIR=1.23 (1.04-1.50) | 10 | SIR=0.71 (0.34-1.30) | ||||||||
| Religious workers | 116 | SIR=1.00 (0.84-1.20) | 257 | SIR=1.00 (0.89-1.13) | ||||||||
| Sales agents | 282 | SIR=0.99 (0.88-1.11) | 161 | SIR=0.82 (0.70-0.96) | ||||||||
| Shoe and leather workers | 22 | SIR=1.03 (0.65-1.56) | 42 | SIR=1.01 (0.73-1.37) | ||||||||
| Smelting workers | 86 | SIR=0.94 (0.75-1.16) | 11 | SIR=1.06 (0.53-1.90) | ||||||||
| Teachers | 199 | SIR=1.15 (1.00-1.32) | 566 | SIR=0.99 (0.91-1.07) | ||||||||
| Technical workers | 484 | SIR=1.03 (0.94-1.12) | 103 | SIR=1.07 (0.88-1.30) | ||||||||
| Tobacco workers | 6 | SIR=0.89 (0.33-1.94) | ||||||||||
| Transport workers | 112 | SIR=1.03 (0.85-1.24) | 16 | SIR=0.84 (0.48-1.37) | ||||||||
| Waiters | 12 | SIR=1.13 (0.58-1.97) | 188 | SIR=0.92 (0.80-1.06) | ||||||||
| Wood workers | 332 | SIR=0.95 (0.85-1.05) | 53 | SIR=1.03 (0.77-1.34) | ||||||||
| Wingren 1993 [73] | C-C | 1977-1989 | 104 cases; 387 controls; age range: 20-60 | Sweden | O-Q | Day nursery personnel | 10 | OR=2.6 (1.0-6.6) | ||||
| Mechanics | 5 | OR=3.2 (0.9-11) | ||||||||||
| Teacher | 10 | OR=2.9 (0.9-9.2) | ||||||||||
| Bricklayer | ||||||||||||
| Wingren 1997 [78] | C-C | 1977-1987 | 31 cases; 387 controls; age range: 20-60 | Sweden | O-Q | 6 | OR=14.4 (2.0-105) | |||||
The risk of thyroid cancer was reported as standardized incidence ratio (SIR), odds ratio (OR), relative risk (RR), hazard ratio (HR), incidence rate ratio (IRR), and proportional incidence ratio (PIR).
Bolding indicates a significant effect.
If the confidence interval is not presented with the risk estimate, it is because that information is not available in the original article.
D, Dosimetry; B, Biological Monitoring; O-R, Occupation from registry; O-Q, Occupation from questionnaire; O-I, Occupation from interview; O-ER, Occupation from employment records; SR, self-reported exposure; JEM, job-exposure matrix.
I-RC, industry-based retrospective cohort; I-PC, industry-based prospective cohort; R-RC, registry-based retrospective cohort; RB-CC, registry-based case-control; C-C, case-control study.
* Additional stratified analyses available in publication not presented here.