. 2013 Nov 14;17(6):242. doi: 10.1186/cc13110

Table 1.

Main endotoxin tolerance features found in different tissues according to the models used

Tissue/cell type	Model	Stimuli^a	Most relevant phenotype	Reference
^bPeritoneal macrophage	In vitro	LPS + LPS	TNF-α, IL-1β, GMCSF, CCL2, CCL4, CXCL10, CXCL2	[35]
^bPeritoneal macrophage	In vitro	LPS + LPS	↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12p40, COX2, CXCL10, ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12p40, COX2, CXCL10 = TNF-α, IL-1β, ↓ IL-12p40, COX2, CXCL10, ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12p40, COX2, ↑CXCL10 = TNF-α, ↓ CXCL10, ↓ TNF-α, ↑ CXCL10	[36]
		MALP2 + MALP2
		LPS + MALP2
		MALP2 + LPS
		Poli(I:C) + LPS
		R848 + LPS
^bPeritoneal macrophage	In vitro	LPS + LPS	↓ TNF-α, IFN-β	[37]
		Pam3Cys + Pam3Cys	↓ TNF-α , = TNF-α
		LPS + Pam3Cys	↑ TNF-α, = IFN-β
		Pam3Cys + LPS	↑ TNF-α, = IFN-β
^bBMMs	In vitro	LPS + LPS	↓ inflammatory genes (IL-6, IL-1β, MMP3)	[28]^c
^bBMMs	In vitro	LPS + LPS	↑ antimicrobial genes (Fpr1, Oasl1)	[28]^c
^bBMMs	In vitro	LipidA + LipidA	↓ TNF-α, CCL3, ↑ IFN-β, IL-10	[38]
		Pam3Cys + Pam3Cys	↓ TNF-α, CCL3
		LipidA + Pam3Cys	= TNF-α, CCL3, IFN-β
		LipidA + Pam3Cys	= TNF-α, CCL3, IFN-β
		Pam3Cys + LipidA	↓ TNF-α, CCL3, ↑ IFN-β, IL-10
		Poli(I:C) + LipidA	↓ TNF-α, CCL3, ↑ IFN-β, IL-10
^dMonocytes	In vitro	LPS + LPS	↓ inflammatory cytokines/chemokines	[17]^c
			↑ IFN-β, TGF-β
			↑ Scavenger receptors
			↑ Phagocytic capacity
			↓ Antigen presentation potential
^dPBMCs	In vitro	LPS + LPS	↓ TNF-α, IL−12, ↑ IL-10, COX2	[19]
^ePBMCs	In vitro	LPS + LPS	↓ TNF-α, IL-12, ↑ IL-10	[39]
^dSeptic monocytes	Ex vivo	Monocytes from patients with sepsis + LPS	↓ TNF-α, IL6, IL-1β	[6]
^dWhole blood	Ex vivo	LPS injection + ex vivo restimulation	↓ TNF-α, IL6, IL-10	[11]
^bPeritoneal/splenic macrophage	Ex vivo	LPS injection + ex vivo restimulation	↓ TNF-α, IL6, CXCL8 = IL-10, IL-1RA	[40]
^fMammary tissue	In vivo	LPS + E. coli injection	↓ TNF-α, IL6, CXCL8, CCL20, ↑ IL-10	[41]
^dSerum	In vivo	5 consecutive LPS injections	↓ elastase, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1RA = TGF-β	[42]
^dPlasma	In vivo	2 consecutive LPS inoculations	↓ TNF-α, IL6, IL-10, IL-1RA, TGF-β	[11]

^aLipopolysaccharide (LPS) – TLR4 ligand; MALP2 – TLR2 ligand; Poli(I:C) – TLR3 ligand; R848 – TLR7/8 ligand; LipidA – TLR4 ligand; ^bmurine; ^cgenome-wide analysis; ^dhuman; ^eequine; ^fbovine. BMM, bone marrow-derived macrophage; IL, interleukin; MALP2, macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.