Table 1.
Characteristics of Studies Included in the Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Studies of UHR and FEP
| Study | Sample (Male) | Follow-up | Age | Characteristics | Medication | Cognitive Tasks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Addington et al 48 | 124 (83) FEP; 66 (38) HC | 1, 2 y | Age: FEP = 24.6; HC = 22.7 | Substantial improvement in positive symptoms; PANSS; schizophrenia spectrum | 1 y = 82%, 2y = 68%; baseline = 98% on SGA | WCST, TMT A, B, RAVLT, letter and category fluency, Stroop, CPT, logical memory, Rey figure |
| Albus et al 50 | 71 (36) FES; 71 (36) HC | 5 y | Age: FES = 29.7; HC = 29.9 | Baseline stable, after admission; PANSS, SANS | 56/71 on AP; 16/71 FGA | WMS, CVLT, TMT, symbol, Stroop, WCST, letter fluency |
| Albus et al 34 | 50 (26) FES; 50 (23) HC | 2 y | Age: FES = 29; HC = 31.6 | Baseline stable, after admission; PANSS | 23/50 FGA; 18/50 clozapine | WMS, CVLT, TMT, symbol, Stroop, WCST |
| de Mello Ayres et al 57 | 30 FES; 67 HC | 1–3 y | Most taking AP | Digits span, verbal fluency | ||
| Chan et al 45 | 34 FEP | 1 and 3 y | Age: FEP = 28.1; HC = 27.6 | 22/34 Schizophrenia, 2/34 schizoaffective; 10/34 schizophreniform; PANSS | Baseline medication naive | WCST, HSCT, monotone counting task |
| Gold et al 54 | 54 (41) FEP | 5 y | Age: FEP = 24.0 | FE or recent onset, schizophrenia spectrum; SANS/SAPS | 40/54 AP; 29/54 FGA | TMT B, cancellation task, WCST, RCFT, letter fluency, LM, IQ |
| Noupoulos et al35 | 35 (29) FES | 1–2 y | Age: FES = 23.7 | Baseline at index admission FE or recent onset |
29/35 on AP; 24/35 FGA; baseline all on FGA | RAVLT, PAL, LM, Stroop, letter fluency, TMT B, |
| Hill et al 51 | 45 (28) FES; 33 (23) HC | 1, 2 y | Age: FES = 26.1; FES=23.5 | Baseline at index admission | Baseline AP naive; 31/45 on AP at 1 y; 21/45 on AP at 2 y | WCST, Stroop, TMT A, B, Stroop, Symbol coding, digit span, CVLT, WMS-R visual memory, cancellation test |
| Keefe et al 44 | 58 FEP | 1, 2 y (26/58 in 2 y) | Olanzapine or haloperidone; at baseline < 4 mo history of AP | Total score based factor; analysis of a cognitive battery | ||
| Kopala et al 52 | 20 FEP | 1, 2 y | Age around 23 | Drawn from sample of 39 consisting of vast majority schizophrenia and 3 schizoaffective | All on quetiapine | RAVLT, Vis memory, letter fluency, design fluency, WCST, CPT, TMT A and B |
| Pena et al 47 | 71 (49) FEP; 34 HC | 2 y | Age: FEP = 28.5 | Mixture of schizophreniform and affective psychosis; PANSS | Treated with SGA | Brief test of attention, Digits backwards, LNS, TMT A, Stroop, WCST, letter fluency, categorical fluency, WMS memory |
| Purdon et al 56 | 65 (45) FES | 1 y | Age: FES = 28.8 | PANSS | Haloperidol, olanzapine, risperidone | WCST, letter and category fluency, symbol coding, digit span, visual span, trail making, TMT B, Rey figure, story learning, list learning, visual reproduction |
| Rodriguez-Sanchez et al 49 | 112 (73) FEP; 22 (9) HC | 1 y; active illness to stabilization | Age: FEP = 2.5 | SAPS | Mostly on haloperidol, olanzapine, risperidone; Baseline AP naive | RAVLT, RCFT, CPT, brief test of attention |
| Rund et al 46 | 111 (64) FEP | 1–2 y | Age: FEP = 28.1; HC = 24.1 | PANSS | 78% AP; 73% SGA | CVLT, WCST, TMT A and B, letter fluency, digit span, CPT |
| Scottish Schizophrenia Research Group 55 | 27 FES 28 | 1 y | All pimozide or flupenthixol | Digit span, block design, IQ | ||
| Towsend et al 53 | 83 (62) FEP | 1 y; baseline after stable | Age: FEP = 24.7 | SAPS/SANS: 67/83 schizophrenia; 14/83 schizoaffective; 2/83 schizophreniform | 40 risperidone, 17 olanzapine, 11 quetiapine, 8 clozapine, 7 FGA | PASAT, WCST, TMT A, B, letter fluency, CPT, Stroop, IQ, symbol coding, WMS |
| UHR | ||||||
| Becker et al 39 | 41(29) UHR; 17 (9) HC | 1–2 y | Age: UHR = 19.8; HC = 19.4 | 24 UHR-NP; 17 UHR-P | UHR-P tested when stabilized on medication | CVLT, letter and category fluency, CPT, SWM, RCFT |
| Bowie et al 38 | 53 (40) UHR (3 groups); 17 (9) HC | 6 mo | Age: UHR = 15.8; HC = 16.4 | SIPS; SOPS | 11 UHR with AP; 15 UHR with AD; 27 UHR-no medication | CPT, TMT A and B, LNS, letter fluency |
| Keefe et al 37 | 28 UHR | 1 y | 11UHR-P; 17 UHR-NP | No medication; olanzapine using patients excluded | Global cognition | |
| Lin et al 42 | 230 (99) UHR | 7.2 y | Age: UHR = 18.7 | PACE: 189 UHR good and 41 UHR poor prognosis | VMI, IQ | |
| Wood et al36 | 16 (10) UHR; 17 (14) HC | 1.4 y | Age: UHR = 17.3 and 21; HC = 19.7 | PACE: 7 UHR-NP; 9 UHR-P | AP = 10/16 (9/10 UHR-P) | Digit span, symbol coding, logical memory, visual reproduction, RAVLT, TMT A, B, letter fluency, verbal pair associate |
| Niendam et al 41 | 35 (21) UHR | 0.63 y | Age = 17.3 | SIPS; SOPS | Half on AP | TMT A, B, symbol coding letter fluency, matrix reasoning, digit span, visual reproduction, CVLT, logical memory |
| Jahsan et al 40 | 48 (28) UHR; 29 (14) HC | 1.1 y | Age: UHR = 18.7; UHR = 19.0 | SIPS/CARE | 10/48 on AP | WCST, Stroop, HVLT, LNS, spatial span |
| Barbato et al 43 | 72 UHR | 6 mo | All UHR-NP | RAVLT, LNS, WCST, Stroop, TMT A and B, CPT, category fluency, SWM, n-back | ||
| Woodberry et al 58 | 53 (26) UHR; 32 (16) HC | 1 y | Age: UHR = 16; HC = 16.3 | 43 UHR-NP; 10 UHR-P | AP = 59%; mood stabilizer = 40% | CVLT, WMS, WCST, LNS, CPT, verbal fluency, trail making |
Note: UHR, ultra-high risk; FEP, first-episode psychosis; HC, healthy controls; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SGA, second-generation antipsychotics; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; TMT, trail making test; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; CPT, continuous performance test; FES, first-episode schizophrenia; SANS, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; AP, antipsychotics; FGA, first-generation antipsychotics; CVLT, California verbal learning test; HSCT, Hayling sentence completion test; WMS, Wechsler Memory Scale; SAPS, Schedule for Assessment of Positive Symptoms; SWM, spatial working memory; RCFT, Rey Complex Figure Test; LM, logical memory; PAL, paired associate learning; LNS, letter number sequencing; PASAT, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; UHR-P, transition to psychosis in follow-up; UHR-NP, no transition to psychosis in follow-up; SIPS, Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes; SOPS, Scale of Prodromal Symptoms; AD, antidepressants; PACE, Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation; VMI, Verbal Memory Index; HVLT, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test. Studies with bold characters indicate main samples included in the meta-analysis.