Table 5.
Predictors of continuous vitamin/mineral supplement use by the 6-month follow up
|
Covariates |
Multivitamins (n = 1,563) |
Vitamin C (n = 723) |
Calcium (n = 542) |
Vitamin E (n = 496) |
Vitamin D (n = 287) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Age |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <50 years |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| 50-59 years |
1.28 |
0.91, 1.8 |
0.16 |
1.26 |
0.84, 1.89 |
0.27 |
2.06 |
1.34, 3.16 |
0.001 |
1.78 |
0.91, 3.48 |
0.09 |
2.99 |
1.65, 5.4 |
.0003 |
| 60-69 years |
1.10 |
0.77, 1.56 |
0.61 |
1.27 |
0.84, 1.92 |
0.27 |
2.48 |
1.6, 3.86 |
<.0001 |
2.54 |
1.32, 4.89 |
0.01 |
5.31 |
2.95, 9.54 |
<.0001 |
| 70+ years |
1.51 |
0.99, 2.31 |
0.05 |
1.28 |
0.8, 2.04 |
0.30 |
2.36 |
1.41, 3.96 |
0.001 |
2.35 |
1.15, 4.79 |
0.02 |
7.14 |
3.75, 13.61 |
<.0001 |
| Race |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-Hispanic white |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| African American |
0.66 |
0.4, 1.08 |
0.10 |
0.58 |
0.32, 1.05 |
0.07 |
0.59 |
0.31, 1.15 |
0.12 |
0.57 |
0.24, 1.4 |
0.22 |
2.34 |
1.3, 4.2 |
0.005 |
| Asian |
0.79 |
0.54, 1.14 |
0.21 |
0.57 |
0.35, 0.91 |
0.02 |
0.61 |
0.37, 1 |
0.05 |
0.47 |
0.23, 0.98 |
0.04 |
0.80 |
0.46, 1.38 |
0.42 |
| Hispanic |
0.54 |
0.37, 0.78 |
0.001 |
0.73 |
0.47, 1.12 |
0.15 |
0.66 |
0.42, 1.06 |
0.09 |
0.87 |
0.48, 1.57 |
0.64 |
0.99 |
0.56, 1.75 |
0.97 |
| Education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| High School or less |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| Some college |
1.82 |
1.27, 2.61 |
0.001 |
0.88 |
0.6, 1.31 |
0.53 |
0.97 |
0.6, 1.55 |
0.89 |
0.96 |
0.56, 1.66 |
0.89 |
1.02 |
0.59, 1.76 |
0.95 |
| College graduate |
1.63 |
1.11, 2.39 |
0.01 |
1.01 |
0.66, 1.54 |
0.98 |
1.38 |
0.84, 2.25 |
0.20 |
1.28 |
0.72, 2.26 |
0.40 |
1.48 |
0.84, 2.62 |
0.17 |
| Post graduate |
1.90 |
1.27, 2.85 |
0.002 |
1.12 |
0.73, 1.73 |
0.60 |
1.42 |
0.85, 2.37 |
0.18 |
1.12 |
0.62, 2.02 |
0.72 |
2.53 |
1.44, 4.46 |
0.001 |
| Household income |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ≤$25,000 |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| $25,000-49,999 |
1.03 |
0.65, 1.63 |
0.91 |
1.38 |
0.87, 2.17 |
0.17 |
2.15 |
1.17, 3.94 |
0.01 |
0.75 |
0.43, 1.29 |
0.30 |
1.08 |
0.61, 1.9 |
0.79 |
| $50,000-89,999 |
1.26 |
0.81, 1.97 |
0.30 |
1.19 |
0.76, 1.87 |
0.45 |
2.13 |
1.17, 3.88 |
0.01 |
0.56 |
0.33, 0.98 |
0.04 |
1.29 |
0.75, 2.22 |
0.36 |
| $90,000+ |
0.99 |
0.62, 1.57 |
0.97 |
0.74 |
0.45, 1.2 |
0.22 |
2.05 |
1.1, 3.8 |
0.02 |
0.49 |
0.27, 0.88 |
0.02 |
1.36 |
0.77, 2.41 |
0.28 |
| Family history of breast cancer |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| Yes |
1.05 |
0.8, 1.39 |
0.71 |
1.05 |
0.78, 1.4 |
0.77 |
1.04 |
0.75, 1.45 |
0.82 |
0.86 |
0.57, 1.3 |
0.48 |
1.28 |
0.91, 1.8 |
0.17 |
| Stage at diagnosis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| I |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| II |
1.11 |
0.8, 1.56 |
0.53 |
1.00 |
0.69, 1.43 |
0.98 |
0.72 |
0.47, 1.09 |
0.12 |
0.97 |
0.58, 1.62 |
0.91 |
0.81 |
0.52, 1.28 |
0.37 |
| III+ |
2.00 |
0.81, 4.96 |
0.14 |
0.64 |
0.22, 1.86 |
0.41 |
0.74 |
0.27, 2 |
0.55 |
1.58 |
0.45, 5.53 |
0.47 |
0.70 |
0.23, 2.13 |
0.53 |
| Number of positive nodes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| None |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| 1-3 |
1.02 |
0.69, 1.52 |
0.91 |
0.88 |
0.57, 1.37 |
0.57 |
0.98 |
0.6, 1.58 |
0.92 |
1.10 |
0.59, 2.05 |
0.78 |
1.27 |
0.74, 2.18 |
0.38 |
| ≥4 |
0.51 |
0.2, 1.29 |
0.15 |
0.86 |
0.29, 2.53 |
0.78 |
1.09 |
0.38, 3.11 |
0.87 |
0.90 |
0.25, 3.31 |
0.87 |
1.27 |
0.39, 4.07 |
0.69 |
| Hormone-receptor positivity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ER- and PR - |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| ER + and/or PR+ |
1.15 |
0.83, 1.61 |
0.41 |
0.97 |
0.66, 1.43 |
0.88 |
1.22 |
0.8, 1.85 |
0.36 |
0.84 |
0.5, 1.4 |
0.49 |
1.31 |
0.82, 2.11 |
0.26 |
| HER2/Neu status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Negative |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| Positive |
1.52 |
1.05, 2.2 |
0.03 |
0.83 |
0.54, 1.26 |
0.38 |
0.99 |
0.65, 1.5 |
0.96 |
1.01 |
0.58, 1.76 |
0.97 |
0.77 |
0.45, 1.32 |
0.34 |
| Not performed |
0.86 |
0.45, 1.63 |
0.64 |
1.37 |
0.71, 2.66 |
0.35 |
1.90 |
0.84, 4.32 |
0.13 |
0.89 |
0.34, 2.32 |
0.81 |
1.70 |
0.7, 4.11 |
0.24 |
| Surgery type |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Conserving or none |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| Mastectomy |
0.96 |
0.71, 1.3 |
0.80 |
1.28 |
0.9, 1.82 |
0.17 |
0.84 |
0.58, 1.23 |
0.37 |
1.22 |
0.75, 2 |
0.43 |
1.43 |
0.94, 2.18 |
0.10 |
| Treatment status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| None |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| Chemotherapy only |
0.74 |
0.5, 1.1 |
0.13 |
0.71 |
0.47, 1.09 |
0.11 |
0.95 |
0.58, 1.54 |
0.83 |
0.55 |
0.29, 1.02 |
0.06 |
0.57 |
0.34, 0.96 |
0.03 |
| Radiation only |
0.99 |
0.67, 1.46 |
0.96 |
1.05 |
0.69, 1.58 |
0.83 |
0.89 |
0.56, 1.44 |
0.65 |
1.35 |
0.77, 2.35 |
0.29 |
0.93 |
0.57, 1.52 |
0.78 |
| Both |
0.58 |
0.36, 0.91 |
0.02 |
0.64 |
0.37, 1.12 |
0.12 |
0.66 |
0.36, 1.21 |
0.18 |
0.84 |
0.4, 1.74 |
0.63 |
0.84 |
0.44, 1.58 |
0.58 |
| BMI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <25 kg/m2 |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| 25-30 kg/m2 |
0.85 |
0.65, 1.12 |
0.25 |
0.90 |
0.67, 1.21 |
0.50 |
0.92 |
0.66, 1.28 |
0.61 |
0.90 |
0.61, 1.34 |
0.61 |
1.10 |
0.77, 1.55 |
0.61 |
| >30 kg/m2 |
1.12 |
0.83, 1.52 |
0.47 |
0.93 |
0.68, 1.29 |
0.67 |
0.88 |
0.61, 1.26 |
0.48 |
0.86 |
0.56, 1.33 |
0.49 |
0.82 |
0.55, 1.23 |
0.33 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <35 servings/week |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| ≥35 servings/week |
1.59 |
1.26, 2.02 |
.0001 |
1.06 |
0.82, 1.36 |
0.68 |
1.45 |
1.09, 1.93 |
0.01 |
1.11 |
0.78, 1.56 |
0.57 |
1.59 |
1.17, 2.16 |
0.003 |
| Hrs/wk of moderate-vigorous activity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <2.5 |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| 2.5 - 5 |
1.15 |
0.84, 1.57 |
0.38 |
1.08 |
0.76, 1.55 |
0.66 |
1.01 |
0.68, 1.51 |
0.94 |
1.77 |
1.09, 2.87 |
0.02 |
0.74 |
0.47, 1.16 |
0.19 |
| >5 |
1.20 |
0.91, 1.59 |
0.20 |
1.18 |
0.87, 1.61 |
0.29 |
1.04 |
0.74, 1.46 |
0.83 |
1.44 |
0.93, 2.23 |
0.11 |
1.07 |
0.74, 1.54 |
0.72 |
| Smoking status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Never |
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
Ref |
|
|
| Ever | 0.94 | 0.74, 1.19 | 0.58 | 1.27 | 0.98, 1.63 | 0.07 | 1.18 | 0.89, 1.58 | 0.26 | 1.25 | 0.89, 1.75 | 0.20 | 0.89 | 0.66, 1.2 | 0.43 |
aAmong Pathways participants with both baseline and 6 month follow up questionnaire.
b Comparing continuous users to non-users prior to breast cancer diagnosis.
cBeta Carotene not included in the table because insufficient number of users prior to diagnosis (n = 20).
dOdds ratios and 95% confidence intervals are based on multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for all covariates.