Table 1. The acceptable daily intake/tolerable daily intake (ADI/TDI) dose and the half-life (t_1/2) of common EDCs in humans.

Types of chemicals	Mechanism of actions/Refs.	EDCs	Human elimination half-life	Main route (source) of exposure	Estimated daily intake (per kg body weight)	ADI or TDI (adult)	Refs.
Heavy metals	Estrogenic [127-129]	Cadmium	> 20 years	Oral (seafood, rice)	1.06 μg	55 μg/kg/day	ATSDR, 1999 [130,131]
		Lead	28 – 36 days	Inhalation (old lead- based paints)	0.043 μg	50 μg/kg/day (25 μg/kg/day for children)	ATSDR, 2005 [130]
		Methyl mercury	60 – 90 days	Oral (Fish, seafood)	0 – 0.33 μg	0.1 μg/kg/day	WHO, 2006 [130,132]
Plasticizers	Estrogenic [148]	Bisphenol A	< 2 hours	Oral	34 ng	50 μg/kg/day	EFSA, 2006 [133,134]
	Anti-androgenic [135]	Phthalates (e.g., DEHP)	10 hours	Oral, medical devices	1.6	22 μg/kg/day	USEPA, 1998 [136,137]
Surfactants	Thyroid toxicity [138]	PFOS PFOA	5.4 years 3.8 years	Oral Oral	1.6 ng 2.9 ng	150 ng/kg/day 1.5 μg/kg/day	EFSA, 2008 [139,140]

ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; DEHP: Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; EFSA: European Food Safety Authority; PFOA: Perfluorooctanoic acid also known as C8 and perfluorooctanoate; PFOS: Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid or perfluorooctane sulfonate; USEPA: US Environmental Protection Agency;

^**WHO: World Health Organization; Oral, includes dairy products, meats, vegetables, fruits, seafood, beverage, and water.

ADI: acceptable daily intake; TDI: tolerable daily intake