Table 3. Sites used to test the proposed ecosystem-based approach to assess the status of the P. oceanica ecosystem. MPA: Marine Protected Area. NTZ: No Take Zone.
Site | Region | Protection status | Pressure |
Espardell | Balearic Islands (Spain) | MPA, Natura 2000 | Artisanal fishery |
Sitges | Spanish Catalonia | Natura 2000 | Pollution, artisanal and recreational fishery, sedimentation |
Tossa de Mar | Spanish Catalonia | Natura 2000 | Artisanal and recreational fishery |
Medes Islands | Spanish Catalonia | MPA, NTZ, Natura 2000 | River mouth |
Peyrefite Bay | French Catalonia | MPAa | Artisanal fishery, anchoringb |
Niolon (Côte Bleue) | Provence (France) | MPA, Natura 2000 | River mouth, artisanal fishery, trawling |
Prado Bay, Marseilles | Provence (France) | Coastal development, artisanal fishery, nutrients | |
Plateau des chèvres, Marseilles | Provence (France) | MPAc, Natura 2000 | Artisanal fishery, sewage outfall, |
Saint Cyr Bay | Provence (France) | Coastal development, artisanal fishery, sewage outfall | |
Gulf of Giens | Provence (France) | Sewage outfall, artisanal fishery, trawling | |
Porquerolles Island, northern coast | Provence (France) | MPA, Natura 2000 | Trawling, artisanal fishery, anchoring |
Porquerolles Island, southern coast | Provence (France) | MPA, Natura 2000 | Trawling, artisanal fishery |
Bagaud Pass, Port-Cros Island | Provence (France) | National Park, MPA, Natura 2000 | Artisanal fishery, anchoring |
Port-Cros Island, southern coast | Provence (France) | National Park, MPA, Natura 2000 | Artisanal fishery |
Villefranche-sur-Mer Bay | French Riviera | Coastal development, sewage outfall artisanal fishery, anchoring | |
Scandola, Elbu Bay | West Corsica (France) | MPA, Natura 2000 | Artisanal fishery |
Valincu Gulf | West Corsica (France) | Artisanal fishery |
This area is close to the Natural Marine Reserve of Cerbère-Banyuls. Since October 2011, this area has been included within a natural marine park (‘Parc naturel marin du golfe du Lion’).
Since 2010, anchoring is banned.
Since May, 2012, this area has been included within a National Park (‘Parc national des Calanques’). However, it is unlikely that this new status would have already resulted in a perceptible effect.