Table 1.
Demographic, basic physical characteristics, and blood cytokine levels of study participants according to the BMI-based weight categories.
| Variable | Normal weight (N=26, 27%) |
Overweight (N=38, 40%) |
Obese (N=32, 33%) |
F/ χ21 |
p- values1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 37.4 ± 12.2 | 42.4 ± 9.9 | 40.3 ± 11.2 | 1.5 | 0.22 |
| Gender (male/female) | 10/16 | 21/17 | 15/17 | 1.82 | 0.412 |
| Race (white/others) | 19/7 | 24/14 | 14/18‡2 | 5.52 | 0.062 |
| Systolic BP3 (mmHg) | 114.8 ± 11.9 | 119.4 ± 11.6††† | 129.1 ± 9.9‡‡‡ | 12.9 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 71.8 ± 8.3 | 73.8 ± 8.2† | 78.8 ± 8.2‡‡ | 5.8 | <0.01 |
| MAP4 (mmHg) | 86.1 ± 9.0 | 89.0 ± 8.4†† | 95.6 ± 7.9‡‡‡ | 10.0 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.8 ± 1.7*** | 27.7 ± 1.5††† | 35.5 ± 4.1‡‡‡ | 201 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 84.2 ± 10.7*** | 96.4 ± 8.4††† | 113.0 ± 10.9‡‡‡ | 50.0 | <0.001 |
| % total fat (%) | 25.1 ± 8.3 | 28.4 ± 8.1†† | 34.8 ± 9.5‡‡‡ | 9.2 | <0.001 |
| % trunk fat (%) | 23.7 ± 8.3** | 29.3 ± 7.8††† | 37.0 ± 7.5‡‡‡ | 20.0 | <0.001 |
| VO2peak (ml/kg/min) | 39.3 ± 10.5* | 33.7 ± 9.2†† | 27.3 ± 9.2‡‡‡ | 13.6 | <0.001 |
| Plasma TNF (pg/ml) | 4.8 ± 2.6 | 5.3 ± 2.9 | 6.5 ± 3.7‡ | 2.3 | 0.10 |
| Plasma IL-1 (pg/ml) | 0.29 ± 0.5 | 0.45 ± 0.5 | 0.56 ± 0.5‡ | 2.5 | 0.09 |
| Plasma IL-6 (pg/ml) | 0.81 ± 0.6 | 0.99 ± 0.6 | 1.11 ± 0.6‡ | 1.8 | 0.18 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD;
*, **, and *** indicate p≤ 0.05, p< 0.01, and p< 0.001 normal weight vs. overweight, respectively;
†, ††, and ††† indicate p≤ 0.05, p< 0.01, and p< 0.001 overweight vs. obese, respectively;
‡, ‡‡, and ‡‡‡ indicate p≤ 0.05, p< 0.01, and p< 0.001 normal weight vs. obese, respectively;
1
F/ χ2 and p-values are derived from ANOVA or non-parametric χ2 test;
2
Denotes non-parametric χ2 test;
3
BP, blood pressure;
4
MAP, Mean Arterial Pressure