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. 2014 Apr 5;3(4):474–483. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.03.010

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Overexpression of VEGF-A in BAT stimulates themogenesis and enhances mitochondrial function upon cold exposure. (A) Measurements of body temperature in VEGF-A transgenic mice and their littermate controls (n = 6 per group) in an acute cold exposure setting (n = 6 per group, Student's t-test, no significance). (B) Measurements of body temperature in VEGF-A transgenic mice and their littermate controls (n = 5 per group, Student's t-test, *p < 0.05 vs. controls) in after chronic phase cold exposure for 3 weeks. Mice did not have access to food during the experiments in (A) and (B). (C) Mitochondrial electron-flow analysis and oxygen consumption rates in response to the substrates pyruvate, malate, succinate, and ascorbate in unstimulated BAT from VEGF-A transgenic and their littermate control groups (n = 2 per group, Student's t-test indicates no difference vs. controls). (D) Mitochondrial electron-flow analysis and oxygen consumption rates in cold-stimulated BAT (3 weeks) from VEGF-A transgenic and their littermate control groups. The readings represent relative folds to wildtype (n = 2 per group, Student's t-test, **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.0001 vs. controls). Wildtype levels were in each case set to 1 to allow for a relative comparison.