Figure 1.

Overall role of PPARα in the adaptive response to fasting. Fasting is associated with activation of adipose tissue lipolysis, leading to the release of free fatty acids and glycerol into the circulation. Free fatty acids taken up by the liver are partially oxidized and converted into ketone bodies, or completely oxidized to CO₂. Glycerol is converted into glucose, as are amino acids coming from skeletal muscle. The processes induced by PPARα are indicated by green arrows. The processes suppressed by PPARα are indicated by red arrow. TG = triglycerides, FA = fatty acids, KB = ketone bodies, AA = amino acids.