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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Free Radic Biol Med. 2013 May 17;63:304–312. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.016

Table 2.

The Association of Smoking with Rate of Change in Spirometry Phenotypes by Race/Ethnicity, for Participants in the Health ABC Studya

Population and Variable Rate of Change in FEV1 Rate of Change in FEV1/FVC
Effect Estimate
(ml/yr)		 P Value P Value
for set		 Effect Estimate
(%/yr)		 P Value P Value
for set
African Americans
  Timeb −32.21 ± 1.71 < 0.0001 −0.50 ± 0.04 < 0.0001
  Smoking statusc
    Never smokers Reference Reference
    Persistent smokers −5.96 ± 4.84 0.219 0.273 −0.30 ± 0.13 0.019 0.005
    Intermittent smokers −0.45 ± 4.78 0.925 −0.42 ± 0.14 0.004
    Former smokers 2.97 ± 2.47 0.229 −0.05 ± 0.06 0.440
European Americans
  Timeb −39.77 ± 1.35 < 0.0001 −0.52 ± 0.02 < 0.0001
  Smoking statusc
    Never smokers Reference Reference
    Persistent smokers −12.05 ± 6.47 0.063 0.120 −0.62 ± 0.15 < 0.0001 <0.0001
    Intermittent smokers −6.51 ± 4.66 0.163 −0.34 ± 0.11 0.001
    Former smokers −2.27 ± 1.75 0.194 −0.07 ± 0.04 0.051

Abbreviations: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity.

a

Data presented are from the linear mixed effects models for the indicated phenotype and race/ethnicity analyses; all models included the following predictors: gender, study site, height at each time point, age and smoking pack-years (both at study baseline), time, smoking status, and smoking status × time.

b

Effect estimate for time corresponds to the estimated annual rate of change in the phenotype for never smokers; negative values represent declines in the phenotype.

c

Effect estimate for each smoking category is for the smoking status × time product term; negative values represent accelerations and positive values represent attenuations of decline, relative to never smokers.