Table 8.
Reported effects of P. bleo extracts on the growth of selected bacteria and fungi.
| Organism | Antibacterial and antifungal effect of the extracts | Positive control | References | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methanol | Water | Hexane | Dichloroethane | Ethyl acetate | Chloroform | |||
| Bacillus subtilis a | − | NA | − | − | − | NA | Streptomycin* | [8] |
| − | − | − | NA | − | NA | Gentamicin, ampicillin | [41] | |
| NA | NA | − | − | NA | NA | Streptomycin | [38] | |
| Escherichia coli b | − | NA | NA | − | NA | NA | Streptomycin | [42] |
| Escherichia coli a | − | − | − | NA | − | NA | Gentamicin, ampicillin | [41] |
| Helicobacter pylori b | − | NA | NA | − | NA | NA | Streptomycin | [42] |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae b | − | NA | NA | − | NA | NA | Streptomycin | [42] |
| Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus a | − | NA | − | +++ | − | NA | Streptomycin* | [8] |
| NA | NA | − | ++ | NA | NA | Streptomycin | [38] | |
| Mycobacterium smegmatis b | − | NA | NA | − | NA | NA | Streptomycin | [42] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa a | ++ | NA | +++ | + | + | NA | Streptomycin | [8] |
| + | − | − | NA | + | NA | Gentamicin, ampicillin | [41] | |
| NA | NA | +++ | + | NA | NA | Streptomycin* | [38] | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa b | − | NA | NA | − | NA | NA | Streptomycin | [42] |
| Salmonella choleraesuis a | ++ | NA | +++ | − | − | NA | Streptomycin* | [8] |
| NA | NA | +++ | − | NA | NA | Streptomycin | [38] | |
| Staphylococcus aureus b | − | NA | NA | − | NA | NA | Streptomycin | [42] |
| Staphylococcus aureus a | − | − | − | NA | − | NA | Gentamicin, ampicillin | [41] |
| Candida albicans c | − | − | NA | NA | NA | − | Propiconazole, miconazole | [43] |
| Candida albicans b | − | NA | NA | − | NA | NA | Amphotericin B | [42] |
| Cladosporium cucumerinum c | + | + | NA | NA | NA | + | Propiconazole, miconazole | [43] |
aThe screening for antibacterial effect was carried out by determining the zone of inhibition using paper disc, + stands for activity between 6–9 mm, ++ stands for activity between 9–14 mm, +++ stands for activity more than 14 mm [38].
b(+) stands for activity at 100 μg/mL for E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, M. smegmatis, C. albicance, P. aeruginosa and at 12.5 μg/mL for H. pylori, (−) stands for inactive samples.
cagar overlay assay and (+) stands for active extracts at 50 μg/mL, (−) stands for inactive extract.
NA: not applicable as there is no report in the literature.
*Streptomycin showed 20 to 23 mm inhibition zone. The rest of the studies did not report the exact value of the inhibition for their positive controls.