Table 4.

Predictive validity: random effects models for the HTKS and other EF measures predicting achievement growth in prekindergarten (N = 194–195) and kindergarten (N = 149–152).

Predictor	Mathematicsd			Early literacye			Vocabularyf
	B	SE	β	B	SE	β	B	SE	β
PREKINDERGARTEN
HTKSa	0.19	0.07	0.14**	0.07	0.08	0.04	0.04	0.03	0.06
DCCSb	0.59	0.19	0.17**	0.23	0.21	0.06	0.20	0.10	0.11*
Day-Night Stroop	0.36	0.13	0.14**	0.09	0.15	0.03	0.09	0.07	0.07
Working memoryc	0.05	0.07	0.03	0.09	0.08	0.05	0.08	0.03	0.10*
Simon Says	1.08	0.77	0.07	1.18	0.86	0.06	0.56	0.39	0.07
KINDERGARTEN
HTKSa	0.15	0.06	0.15*	0.36	0.11	0.17**	0.10	0.04	0.16**
DCCSb	0.25	0.22	0.07	0.57	0.41	0.07	0.22	0.13	0.09†
Day-Night Stroop	0.01	0.19	0.00	0.50	0.40	0.06	0.27	0.12	0.10*
Working memoryc	0.15	0.05	0.17**	0.14	0.10	0.07	0.02	0.03	0.04
Simon Says	1.03	0.50	0.12*	0.37	1.01	0.02	0.82	0.32	0.14*

Covariates (not shown) include parental education, child age (in months), Head Start status, gender, and English Language Learner status. Spring achievement gains control for fall achievement. Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML) estimation used to deal with missing data.

^aThe Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task.

^bThe Dimensional Change Card Sort task.

^cThe Woodcock-Johnson Auditory Working Memory subtest.

^dThe Woodcock-Johnson Applied Problems Subtest.

^eThe Woodcock-Johnson Letter-Word Identification subtest.

^fThe Woodcock-Johnson Picture Vocabulary Subtest.

^†p < 0.10;

^*p < 0.05;

^**p < 0.01.